Pavlovs and Eriksons Theories Essay - 1976 Words

Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927). The other aspect in classical conditioning is extinction, which occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus. For†¦show more content†¦If this care is not given to a child, the child becomes insecure and does not learn to trust others. This stage therefore, brings hope. The second stage is where the child learns autonomy versus shame. During this stage the child gains a little control of his or her life thus building self esteem and autonomy. It is in this stage that the child struggles for his or her own control and to separate from others. The child learns what is wrong and right by the parent’s use of â€Å"no† and this creates the important skill of will. If not dealt with well, the child may develop shame and doubt. Children with disability may become shameful and doubtful of their conditions if not well counseled and helped to negotiate through the stage as Davidson Strauss (1992) notes. During the third stage, th e child learns initiative versus guilt, which occurs during the play age. Here, the child learns to imagine and to cooperate with peers. With the new found freedom, the individual pursues new tasks that will empower him or her in order to manage the society’s expectations. The development of these attributes may be hindered by guilt resulting to the individual becoming fearful and continuing to depend on adults. The fourth stage is development of industry versus inferiority. As the world enlarges for the child, he or she learns more formal skills in life like how to relate with peers and neighbors,Show MoreRelatedRaising Children Essay2293 Words   |  10 Pageshealthy development of human beings. Research and theories from K. S. Berger’s textbook, Developing Person Through the Life Span can be applied to the ten core concepts. This paper will expand upon six of the ten concepts including how a person advances through the nature-nurture phenomenon, cultural influences, self-regulation, building relationships, uniqueness, and vulnerability to risks and influences. The following scientists research and theories will be used to help validate the concepts actualityRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Multiple Choice4163 Words   |  17 Pageshave been made about human growth is referred to as a ____________ theory. A. behavioral B. psychoanalytical C. humanistic D. developmental Answer: D [Q2] Multiple Choice - 1 point 2) _________theorists try to make sense out of observations and construct a story of the human journey from infancy to adulthood. A. Developmental B. Psychoanalytical C. Behavioral D. Humanistic Answer: A [Q3] Multiple Choice - 1 point 3) Which theory answers the question: Do early experiences of neglect or attachmentRead MoreEssay about Useful Theories of Human Development1807 Words   |  8 PagesThere are many areas of psychology. The field of human development is divided into five main theory groups. The theory groups are psychodynamic, biological, cognitive, behavioral, and systems. Each theory group has many contributing theorists, all with different views, beliefs, research methods, and life experiences. All theories are valuable in the field of psychology, however some theories may prove to be more helpful than others, in specific careers. There are some theoretical approaches thatRead More A Developmental Study Of Alex In Kubricks A Clockwork Orange2066 Words   |  9 Pagesdistinction between the two is triggered by the gentle sounds of Ludwig Van Beethoven. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The psychology of Alex would be that of a serial killer. He is a classic example of Darwins, Skinners, Freuds, Eriksons, and Adlers major theories. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alex is not truly close to any other person that he comes in contact with in the film. He is using his parents for a place to live, and they show no emotion towards him, good or bad. His love for his gangRead More Lifespan reflective paper6038 Words   |  25 Pagesindividuals’ interactions and relationships with others grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life. Those who study lifespan development approach the field from different perspectives. These perspectives are based on various developmental theories. Six major theoretical perspectives are used in lifespan development: psychodynamic perspective, behavioral perspective, cognitive perspective, humanistic perspective, contextual perspective, and evolutionary perspective. Although each has addedRead More Discussing Developmental Theorists and Their Theories of Human Development5003 Words   |  21 PagesDiscussing Developmental Theorists and Their Theories of Human Development For ease of review in discussing the developmental theorists and their theories of human development I have subdivided each theorist into their respective schools of psychology. These schools include the psychoanalytic school, behavioral school, humanistic school, cognitive school, and the individual schools of psychology. Each developmental theorist holds their own unique ideas and theories about various components of human developmentRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology Essay4989 Words   |  20 Pages ecological systems theory    evolutionary approaches    Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in Section 2.2 The Psychodynamic Perspective, in Adult Development and Learning.    Points Received: 1 of 1    Comments: Question  7. Question : Erikson’s ideas are an example of ____________.    Student Answer: a theory involving stages    social cognitive learning theory    ecological systems theory    behaviorist theory    Instructor Explanation: Read More2301 Final Exam Workbook Essay6573 Words   |  27 Pages(CR) stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination extinction (in classical conditioning) spontaneous recovery Exercises 1. (Voluntary, reflexive) responses are subject to classical conditioning. 2. In the table below, identify each element in Pavlovs original experiment. Unconditioned Conditioned Stimulus UCS CS Response UCR CR 3. Learned and acquired are synonyms for (unconditioned, conditioned). 4. Natural and unlearned are synonyms for (unconditioned, conditioned). 5. MatchRead MoreEssay about 2301 Final Exam Workbook 2 6510 Words   |  27 Pages(CR) stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination extinction (in classical conditioning) spontaneous recovery Exercises 1. (Voluntary, reflexive) responses are subject to classical conditioning. 2. In the table below, identify each element in Pavlovs original experiment. Unconditioned Conditioned Stimulus UCS CS Response UCR CR 3. Learned and acquired are synonyms for (unconditioned, conditioned). 4. Natural and unlearned are synonyms for (unconditioned, conditioned). 5. MatchRead MoreFactors Affecting Motivation to Learn English25117 Words   |  101 PagesInfluence 1.9.6 Teacher Influence 1.9.7 Learning Styles 20 21 22 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pass Research on Use of English as a Second Language 2.3 Theories Relating to the Study 2.3.1 The Behaviourist Theory 2.3.2 The Nativist Theory 2.3 3 The Social Cognitive Theory 2.4 Justification for choosing the Social Cognitive Theory As Theoretical Framework 2.4.1 Parents as Socializing Agents 2.4.2 Socializing by Teachers and School Culture 2.4.3 Socializing and Peer Influence 2.5 Other Research

Essay on Christopher Columbus - 1614 Words

Christopher Columbus Although nearly every phase of any exploration had its good and bad outcomes the benefits of Columbus discovery of the New World far outweigh the negative results of that enterprise; because his discovery stimulated further development of both Europe and the New World. His voyage was an epochal and magnificent discovery in that it confirmed the roundness of the earth and gave new validity to science, expanded trade and opened new markets and led to the industrialization of Europe, and opening the doors to a new world because the Old World was overcrowded and torn by strife. Columbus did not just discover land and resources rather he discovered the New World. A New World that offered hope, freedom, and a new†¦show more content†¦As an explorer, Columbus not only confirmed the world was round, but he decoded the Atlantic wind system, discovered the magnetic variation in the Western hemisphere and, among other things, contributed to the mapping of the Atlantic and the New Wor ld (Fernà ¡ndez-Armesto, 182). Columbus great skill in navigation paved the way for later explorers to come to the New World. Before he had set out in pursuit of the East Indies, he studied charts, maps, and journals from earlier explorers and was certain that he could reach the Far East by sailing westward. His calculations were beyond correct and he never quite realized the fact that he was nowhere near the Far East, but in reality was on a whole other continent. The task he set for himself Ââ€" to cross the Ocean Sea was literally beyond the capacity of any vessel of his day. The task he performed Ââ€" to cross from Europe to a New World Ââ€" was beyond the conception of many of his contemporaries (Fernà ¡ndez-Armesto, 183). Nobody thought that Columbus could reach the Far East Ââ€" much less anything at all. He achieved the highly impossible and instead of being praised, is put down for his faults. Although Columbus did not find the spices of the East Indies there were still many new things to trade in the New World. Tomatoes, peppers, peanuts, sunflowers, cashews, potatoes, and tobacco were brought to the Old World and sugar,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Christopher Columbus? Or Not Christopher Columbus?1329 Words   |  6 Pages On Columbus Day students across the nation will learn how Columbus discovered the New World and about his fantastic travels to the New World. Children will learn poems, stories, songs and rhymes about his travels and about himself as well on this day. When introduced to Columbus as a young student he is portrayed as a respectful gentleman and as a hero, when in reality he is a selfish man who takes advantage of lesser people and schools should be teaching their students about who Columbus reallyRead MoreThe Christopher Columbus741 Words   |  3 Pages Little may one know about Christopher Columbus, other than the fact that â€Å"Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492†. Even though he was claimed to have discovered the Americas, he was never the first to arrive there because (according to historians) the Vikings were there first. But, his discovery led other people in Europe know about the Americas therefore changing the world. Columbus shaped the world as we know it today. Columbus was born around 1451 in the republic of Genoa (what today wouldRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The Columbus1365 Words   |  6 PagesChristopher Columbus Most people think of Christopher Columbus as the person who discovered the Americas. However, Leif Ericson, a Viking, was the first European to see the Americas. â€Å"Christopher Columbus - born Cristoforo Colombo but was called in Spain Cristobal Colon†(Heat-Moon 4) was born to Domenico Colombo and Susanna Fontanarossa sometime between August 25 and October 31, 1451 in Italy near Genoa (Heat-Moon 4). â€Å"Christopher Columbus had four other siblings; Bartholomew Columbus, BianchinettaRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The Columbus898 Words   |  4 Pages Christopher Columbus â€Å"In fourteen hundred ninety-two / Columbus sailed the ocean blue.† In grade school, I was taught this rhyme to learn about Christopher Columbus. Most of what I learned about Christopher Columbus then, was that he thought the world was round (and others didn’t); and that he wanted to sail to India, but messed up, and landed in America, calling the natives â€Å"Indians.† As I grew older, I learned a little bit more about Columbus’s trips to the Americas. I was told that ChristopherRead MoreThe Journey Columbus By Christopher Columbus1628 Words   |  7 PagesDeveloped Through the Uncovering of San Salvador in 1492 Christopher Columbus’s adventitious finding of San Salvador led to the initial European â€Å"discovery† of the New World. Columbus, an Italian explorer, attempted to sail west from Spain to India, funded by King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile (Christopher Columbus’s Exploration). He sailed west using three boats: the Nià ±a, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria (Christopher Columbus the Italian Explorer). They reached the island of GuanahaniRead MoreChristopher Columbus Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher Columbus was born in 1451 at Genoa. Genoa was a seaport that was on the Ligurian sea. His name was Cristoforo Colombo and that was translated into English as Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus had two brothers, which he was older than both. Christopher Columbus had little schooling just like most of the people during that age. Genoa was a busy seaport and Christopher Columbus learned much from the sailors. Christopher Columbusâ €™s father was a poor weaver. Christopher Columbus workedRead MoreThe Voyage of Christopher Columbus1541 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican History I 07/08/05 Christopher Columbus Voyage to North America Spanish exploration first began with a series of revolutions. First, the Commercial Revolution generated economic stability. Second, the Intellectual Revolution generated interest in the Earths composition and the pursuit of exploration. Europe then called for a political revolution to end the disorganized and disorderly rule of its government. This revolution returned order and stability to the government and renewed interestRead MoreChristopher Columbus Is Not A Hero Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesChristopher Columbus is commonly known as the â€Å"discoverer† of the Americas. From a young age students are taught all the wonderful things he did for our land and how well he interacted with the Natives. Although the truth is disregarded and as students grow, they come to learn that Columbus was not a hero in fact. Columbus came close to causing a genocide of the Native Americans, and basically began the â€Å"white power† movement that America is forced to deal with t oday. The truth of what ChristopherRead MoreLegacy of Christopher Columbus2614 Words   |  11 PagesThe Legacy of Christopher Columbus Abstract After many centuries, a lot of controversy still surrounds Christopher Columbus. He remains to be a strange figure in history regarded as a famous explorer and a great mariner who made many discoveries in his days. Other people still regard him as a visionary and a national hero while others chose to remember him as a brutal and greedy person who used the rest of the humanity for his own selfish gains. Despite the fact that there have been protests inRead More Christopher Columbus Essay474 Words   |  2 Pagesin search of a direct sea route from Europe to Asia, Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the Americas. However, in four separate voyages to the Caribbean from 1492 to 1504, he remained convinced that he had found the lands that Marco Polo reached in his overland travels to China at the end of the 13th century. To Columbus it was only a matter of time before a passage was found through the Caribbean islands to the cities of Asia. Columbus was not the first European to reach the Americas Vikings

Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions

Question: Discuss about the Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. Answer: Introduction: In the present case, Mr Bright has undergone a coronary angioplasty for treating the stenotic coronary arteries of the heart. Angioplasty is referred to the minimally invasive endovascular procedure undertaken for widening obstructed or narrowed veins or arteries, usually for treating arterial atherosclerosis (Wald, 2013). A Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been performed with stable coronary artery disease for the reduction of chest pain (Levine et al., 2013). A possible medical complication related to angioplasty is impaired tissue perfusion related to haematoma formation or bleeding. Bleeding occurring in relation to procedures like angioplasty and stent insertion for treating coronary syndromes is common in many cases, and this has emerged as a major issue in the management of patients who have coronary syndromes (Sanborn et al., 2015). Bleeding after angioplasty holds significant implications for prognosis, patient outcomes and healthcare costs. Evidences point out t hat patients who have major bleeding episodes are at a high risk of major complications and even death in the following months if not checked (Sanborn et al., 2013). Different mechanisms underlie the relation between, blood transfusion, femoral bleeding and increased mortality. Relentless haemorrhage directly increases the risk of death by virtue of hemodynamic compromise, and this is witnessed more in patients who have a poor cardiac reserve and other rigorous comorbidities (Aradi et al., 2015). It is pivotal for the health care professionals to carry out a suitable nursing assessment on the patient in relation with impaired tissue perfusion and bleeding. The most important assessment that is to be done for identifying signs of bleeding is the assessment of the puncture site for bruises. Any bruise appearing at the puncture site and around it is a serious problem and is an indication of femoral artery leakage (Al Azzoni et al., 2017). People have chances of bleeding to death from such kind of bleeding and therefore are to be presented to the emergency room. The second most important assessment for the patient would be an assessment for numbness and/or weakness in the extremities in the legs and arms where the catheter had been inserted. Such swelling and numbness in the legs or arms may be signs of improper blood circulation and hematoma (Kaplow, 2015). A patient suffering from type II diabetes has major implications for bleeding. Hyperglycemia, or increased blood glucose level is highly associated with enhanced platelet activation, thrombin formation and fibrin clot in patients having acute coronary syndrome. Several mechanisms have been related to the disadvantageous impact of hyperglycemia in patients with acute myocardial ischemia such as the activation of blood coagulation and blood platelets, increased oxidative stress, increased inflammation, and dysfunction of endothelial cell (Bhatty et al., 2011). In the present scenario, the patient Mr Bright had been successfully assessed by the nurses for any presenting bruises and swelling or numbness in the feet as the patient had been subjected to the angioplasty procedure with the stent being inserted in the leg. Mr.Bright is found to be suffering from Type II Diabetes Mellitus. The patient was therefore correctly assessed for blood glucose level that forms a major element of patient assessment after angioplasty pertaining to blood clotting. Significant bleeding occurring at the puncture site is an indication of major complication and needs instantaneous assessment and proper treatment. Computed Tomography (CT) is the imaging modality advised for the detection of size and location of hematomas (Harris, 2016). A hematoma is referred to the collection of blood clotting outside a certain blood vessel. It takes place when the blood vessels wall, capillary, vein or artery has been subjected to damage and blood has come out into the nearby surrounding (Almenawer et al., 2014). CT is done for identifying resultant significant bleeding that requires surgical intervention. The bleeding can spread in a number of ways, and the most common ones are retroperitoneal and groin bleeding. The spread of the bleeding can lead to further complications in the patient. It is, therefore, necessary to conduct a CT for assessing the size and location of hematoma since hematoma is usually not visible. Oozing from the puncture site indicates poten tial bleeding, and therefore the patient needs to be assessed for oozing from the puncture site. The patient needs to be assessed for the vital signs at regular intervals. The rationale behind this is that bradycardia, fluctuating blood pressure response and hypertension is all signs of retroperitoneal bleeding. Such bleeding refers to the accumulation of blood in the retroperitoneal space (Sanborn et al., 2015). In the present case, CT is a key nursing assessment that was not performed on Mr Bright in relation to bleeding and hematoma. In addition, the patient was also not checked for pressure dressing for bleeding or oozing from the puncture site. Moreover, the vital signs of the patient were also not recorded after the angioplasty procedure that is an essential part of the nursing assessment for a patient. As a nurse at the ward in a tertiary healthcare facility where the patient, Mr Harry Bright has been admitted after undergoing an angioplasty this communication is regarding the patients need for consultation for a doctor after complaining of chest pain. The patient has undergone an angioplasty procedure to his left coronary artery. The patient is now suffering from chest pain and needs immediate interventions. Patient name- Harry Bright Age- 65 year old, height- 175 cm, weight- 100 kg, BMI- 32 (obese) Past medical history-Patient had been suffering from increasing frequency unstable angina, Type II diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia. The patient is a regular smoker with 20 cigs/day and is an occasional drinker. CNS- Grossly intact Abdomen- soft, non-tender, no mass Allergies- Nil Procedure underwent- The patient has undergone a coronary artery angioplasty. A drug-eluting stent has been placed, and there had been 10% residual stenosis at the site. The procedure of angioplasty was a difficult one for the patient. Cardiac monitoring at the time of placement of the stent has revealed some myocardial ischaemia. The sheath has been removed after the surgery. Recurrent angina that is chest pain or chest discomfort may occur after the stent implantation in coronary artery angioplasty in certain cases. Mr Bright is suffering such recurrent angina. This may be due to severe coronary spasm. Due to stent implantation, the blood vessels are dilated and extensively stretched. As a result, they are sored, and inflammation occurs like a cut in the skin. Until complete healing takes place, the vessels may undergo spasm since there are massive irritation and inflammation. The patient, in this case, must be having bouts of coronary spasm, giving rise to angina. The chest pain after the coronary intervention is most likely to be of benign character. The pain may also be indicative of acute coronary artery closure or myocardial infarction. However, chances are there that the chest pain that the patient has been suffering is due to local coronary artery trauma. A distinction done between these two conditions is vital for optimal care delivery (Olson, 20 14). Commonly, patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and exhibiting chest pain have distinct lesion sites that suggest that the pain is either due to coronary arterial wall stretching or due to coronary artery spasm. The frequency of the chest pain after implantation of the stent may be higher that prior to the stenting (Monreal Blevins-McNaughton, 2017). The chest pain for Mr Bright is without any signs of ischemia. However, ischemia was indicated at the time of angioplasty. Non-ischemic chest pain after insertion of a stent is due to the severe stretching of the arterial wall as a result of the stent being inserted at the position. The reason is the minimised elastic recoiling after PTCA. Recommendation Appropriate measures are to be taken for controlling the chest pain suffered by the patient. The patient is to be administered Nitroglycerin for the treatment of high blood pressure and controlling chances of heart attack. Nitroglycerin is a nitrate acting by widening or relaxing the blood vessels. Chest pain results from a deficit of oxygen and widening of the blood vessels would allow easy flow of blood. The patient is not allergic to any food or medication and therefore can be prescribed nitroglycerin. The prescribed medications administered to the patient are Metformin, Aspirin and Clopidogrel and therefore their interaction with nitroglycerin is to be assessed. The patient does not suffer from anaemia, low blood volume or low blood pressure. Nitroglycerin may lead to light-headedness, blurred vision or dizziness. Interventions are to be provided for checking these symptoms (Bellchambers et al., 2016). Vital signs are to be monitored at regular intervals and recorded accurately. The patient is to be assessed for signs of chills, fever, numbness, tingling or coolness in the leg where the puncture has been done. The stimulus triggering increased pain are to be identified and avoided. Morphine may be administered if required (Macdonald et al., 2016). The patient is to be given a healthy diet to promote healing and recovery. Antacids may be given to relieve pain. The patient is also to be supported with mobility in order to facilitate recovery. Repositioning may be considered for relieving pain (Matthews, 2017). References Al Azzoni, A. M., Macrae, E., Renu, S., Alzayer, H., Patel, C., Schwalm, J. D., ... Natarajan, M. (2017). Assessment of the safety of performing coronary angioplasty without interrupting oral anticoagulants.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,69(11), 1156. Almenawer, S. A., Farrokhyar, F., Hong, C., Alhazzani, W., Manoranjan, B., Yarascavitch, B., ... Singh, S. (2014). Chronic subdural hematoma management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34829 patients. Aradi, D., Kirtane, A., Bonello, L., Gurbel, P. A., Tantry, U. S., Huber, K., ... Siller-Matula, J. M. (2015). Bleeding and stent thrombosis on P2Y12-inhibitors: collaborative analysis on the role of platelet reactivity for risk stratification after percutaneous coronary intervention.European heart journal,36(27), 1762-1771. Bellchambers, J., Deane, S., Pottle, A. (2016). Diagnosis and management of angina for the cardiac nurse.British Journal of Cardiac Nursing,11(7), 324-330 Bhatty, S., Cooke, R., Shetty, R., Jovin, I. S. (2011). Femoral vascular access-site complications in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: diagnosis and management.Interventional Cardiology,3(4), 503-514 Harris, K. (2016). Cardiac Rehabilitation for Heart Failure Patients: An Evaluation of Knowledge and Practice Patterns of Nurse Practitioners. Kaplow, R. (2015).Cardiac surgery essentials for critical care nursing. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Levine, G. N., Bates, E. R., Blankenship, J. C., Bailey, S. R., Bittl, J. A., Cercek, B., ... Khot, U. N. (2013). 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention.Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions,82(4), E266-E355. Macdonald, N., Jones, J., Leslie, S. J. (2016). Acute coronary syndromesthe role of the CCU nurse. Part I: Initial management.British Journal of Cardiac Nursing,11(9), 453-458. Matthews, R. (2017). Surgical procedure and nursing care for coronary heart disease.benefits,10, 32. Monreal, D., Blevins-McNaughton, J. (2017). Case Presentation for Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty and Coronary Artery Disease. InInternational Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings(Vol. 2, No. 9, p. 105). Olson, K. (Ed.). (2014).Oxford handbook of cardiac nursing. Oxford University Press. Sanborn, T. A., Mehran, R., Genereux, P., Witzenbichler, B., Brener, S., Kirtane, A. J., ... Nikolsky, E. (2013). Tct-292 reduced bleeding complications and increased event-free survival with femoral vascular closure device use and bivalirudin in stemi patients undergoing primary angioplasty in the horizons-ami trial.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,62(18), B95. Sanborn, T. A., Tomey, M. I., Mehran, R., Gnreux, P., Witzenbichler, B., Brener, S. J., ... Nikolsky, E. (2015). Femoral vascular closure device use, bivalirudin anticoagulation, and bleeding after primary angioplasty for STEMI: Results from the HORIZONS?AMI trial.Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions,85(3), 371-379. Wald, D. S., Morris, J. K., Wald, N. J., Chase, A. J., Edwards, R. J., Hughes, L. O., ... Oldroyd, K. G. (2013). Randomized trial of preventive angioplasty in myocardial infarction.New England Journal of Medicine,369(12), 1115-1123.

Information Pack free essay sample

With an international reputation for innovation, high quality education and research, and global relationships, it is not surprising that Oxford Brookes University has been voted the best modern university in the Sunday Times Good University Guide for seven years in succession. The Business School is one of the leading schools for teaching and learning in the UK, being a national Subject Centre in Business, Management, Accountancy and Finance, and Oxford Brookes University is one of only sixteen institutions across the UK to have received two multi-million pound awards to establish more than one Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning. Oxford Brookes University – like other UK universities – has degree awarding power, granted by Royal Charter. But what does this mean? Well, these powers are granted on the basis of Oxford Brookes University having appropriate procedures for assuring the quality and standards of its awards in both design and operation, and being subject to the scrutiny of the QAA, the body responsible to the UK Governments Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills for assuring the quality of UK Higher Education in the public interest. So although you don’t physically attend Oxford Brookes University to gain the BSc (Hons) degree in Applied Accounting, the degree programme is of the same rigorous standard as other degrees offered by Oxford Brookes University and meets standards set by QAA. In an independent assessment of teaching quality, the Business School was one of only two in the country to achieve the maximum score (24/24) across more than one subject area. The Schools reputation has also been recognised through the award of a national, multi-million-pound Centre of Excellence in Teaching and Learning, which has developed a new learning centre on campus with the latest technology to support learning in a cafe-style environment. In a recent QAA audit of Oxford Brookes University it concluded that it has broad confidence (the highest category available) in the quality and standards of its awards. So by gaining the BSc (Hons) in Applied Accounting, awarded by Oxford Brookes University, you will not only demonstrate to potential or existing employers that you possess all the relevant graduate skills to equip you for a brilliant career in accounting and finance, but that it is from a university that has a reputation for excellence. 4 2. Eligibility To be awarded the BSc (Hons) in Applied Accounting you must:  · Be eligible for the degree. This means you must be registered with Oxford Brookes University i. . opted-in to the BSc degree scheme before passing any of the three ACCA Fundamentals papers, F7, F8 and F9  · pass the three ACCA Fundamentals papers F7, F8 and F9 and pass other papers as required to successfully complete all nine Fundamentals level papers  · complete the ACCA Professional Ethics module before submitting a Research and Analysis Project to Oxford Brookes University.  · complete and pass the Oxford Brookes University Research and Analysis Project The degree must be completed within 10 years of your start date onto the ACCA’s professional qualification otherwise your eligibility will be withdrawn If you are unsure on your eligibility for the BSc (Hons) in Applied Accounting degree, then you should firstly refer to myACCA which will tell you whether or not you have opted in to the degree scheme and whether or not you are eligible. If you are not eligible for the degree programme, then it will be for one of the following reasons: You enrolled with ACCA before the BSc (Hons) in Applied Accounting degree was introduced When the degree programme was introduced in 2000/2001, all eligible registered students were required to opt into the degree scheme by November 2001. Any student who did not do so, would have been automatically withdrawn.  · If you registered with ACCA prior to 2001, have yet to complete Papers F7-F9 and are within 10 years of your start date, please contact ACCA Connect to opt into the degree programme. You ticked the box on your ACCA registration form stating you did not wish to join the Oxford Brookes University degree programme If you are yet to complete Papers F7, F8 and F9, you may opt back in to the BSc degree by contacting ACCA Connect.  · If you have already passed ANY of Papers F7, F8 or F9, then unfortunately it is now too late to opt back into the degree programme.  · If you hold exemptions for any of Papers F7-F9, then you may contact ACCA Connect to forfeit these in order to remain eligible. This must be done before sitting any of the other core Papers of F7-F9 once you have forfeited your exemption you cannot reverse this decision. 5 You do not hold a suitable English language qualification  · Providing you complete Paper F4, then this will be acceptable. Oxford Brookes University deems Paper F4 as proof of English proficiency therefore you should complete this exam and opt in with ACCA before passing Papers F7-F9. You enrolled with ACCA over 10 years ago  · The BSc (Hons) in Applied Accounting degree has a 10 year deadline starting from a student’s start date with ACCA. If this has expired in your case, we regret that you are no longer eligible to complete the degree with us. 6 3 Conversion arrangements ACCA exam conversion arrangements Oxford Brookes University will recognise any passes or exemptions from Part 1 and Part 2 exams in the ACCA Professional scheme that are converted to the Fundamentals level of the ACCA Qualification, as contributions towards the award of the BSc degree. ACCA Professional Scheme exam passes before June 2000 You will be subject to both the requirements of the transitional arrangements, published when the degree was introduced, and the requirements of these conversion arrangements. 7 4. Aims and outcomes The principal aim of the BSc degree programme is to widen access to Oxford Brookes University (OBU) and enable ACCA students across the world the opportunity to obtain an OBU degree. The BSc degree aims to enhance and extend the knowledge and skills gained by you in your professional studies, and to improve your effectiveness as a professional accountancy student and future finance professional. 4 . a) Programme regulations Admission The minimum academic entry requirements for registering on the BSc degree are two A Levels plus three GCSEs (grade C or above) in five separate subjects including Maths and English. Oxford Brookes University recognises a number of other qualifications which satisfy the minimum English language requirement, including a Pass in ACCA Paper F4, Corporate and Business Law. Further details can be obtained from the ACCA office at Oxford Brookes University. If you registered with ACCA under the mature student entry route (MSER) and do not have an acceptable English Language qualification, you will be permitted to register for the BSc degree only after you have passed Paper F4, Corporate and Business Law. If you are a CAT student, and have passed the CAT Advanced level exam papers, you meet all the entry requirements for the BSc degree. Exemptions As a registered student, you may be given exemptions from one or more of the nine ACCA specified exam papers. Exemption decisions are made by ACCA and ACCA exemption policy is periodically reviewed by Oxford Brookes University. However, if you wish to achieve the BSc degree you must sit and pass all of the three ACCA subjects F7, F8 and F9. No exemption can be given from the Professional Ethics Module or from the Oxford Brookes University Research and Analysis Project (RAP). Progression When you register with ACCA to undertake the ACCA Qualification, you are automatically registered with Oxford Brookes University for the BSc (Hons) in Applied Accounting, unless you opted-out of the BSc degree programme at the time of initially registering with ACCA. If you have opted-put, you may re-register for the BSc degree scheme provided you have not passed any of the three subjects – F7, F8 and F9. If you have passed any one of these three subjects you cannot then register on to the BSc degree. Conversion arrangements have been developed for completion of the BSc degree if you have passed one or more ACCA professional scheme exams by, or at, the June 2 0 07 ACCA exam sitting. 8 Oxford Brookes University Research and Analysis Project You must pass or be exempt from the ACCA Fundamentals exams, including sitting and passing all of F7, F8 and F9, and complete the Professional Ethics module before submitting a RAP to Oxford Brookes University. You will need to find a project mentor to assist you with your RAP, by providing guidance and advice on your RAP and also to verify that you made an oral presentation at the end of your project research. Your project mentor should be a member of staff at an ACCA tuition provider, your line manager or an ACCA qualified member. Please note that this is different role to the role of the workplace mentor you need when completing your practical experience requirements, although you may find that your line manager is the most appropriate person to fulfil both these roles. Oxford Brookes University has two submission periods each year during which you may submit an OBU RAP. An OBU RAP that is submitted after the end of a submission period will be returned unmarked to you, but it may be resubmitted in the following submission period. You are required to pay a project submission fee to Oxford Brookes University with any project submission. See the section on Submission Periods for the current submission fee. 4 . b) Programme learning outcomes On completing the degree programme, you will have demonstrated a capability to: Knowledge and understanding K1 Critically evaluate accounting concepts and principles and their application in solutions to practical accounting problems. K2 Prepare financial statements of entities, including groups of companies, using relevant financial information, accounting techniques and standards; and to analyse and interpret such financial statements. K3 Use relevant management accounting techniques with cost information, for planning, decision-making, performance evaluation and control, within different business settings. K4 Apply financial management techniques to issues affecting investment, financing, and dividend policy decisions of an organisation. K5 Understand the general legal framework, and apply specific legal principles relating to business, including taxation legislation as applicable to individuals, single companies and groups of companies. K6 Explain the process of carrying out the assurance (audit) engagement and its application in the context of the professional (audit) regulatory framework. K7 Describe the organisational context of the accountant and of the development of accounting information systems; to understand the need for the efficient use of resources within an organisation. K8 Understand the ethical responsibilities of professional accountants, including the principles of the ACCA code of conduct, and to reflect on ethical dilemmas and potential solutions. 9 Disciplinary and professional skills D1 Prepare non-complex financial statements using generally accepted accounting principles. D2 Evaluate and comment on the performance and financial situation of organisations using a range of interpretative techniques. D3 Select and apply appropriate accounting and financial management techniques to organisational business planning, decision-making and control. D4 Understand the limitations of accounting techniques and the implications of such limitations. D5 Understand the limitations of acquired knowledge of legal and taxation issues and recognise the need to seek further specialist advice where necessary. D6 Communicate analysis of accounting and financial information and recommendations to a variety of different audiences. Transferable Skills T1 Solve problems through the identification of key issues, synthesis of information and analytical tools, and the presentation and critical evaluation of a range of options. T2 Communicate appropriately in writing and through an oral presentation.

A Summary of Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essays

A Summary of Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essays A Summary of Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essay A Summary of Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essay Essay Topic: Brave New World Through its pessimistic view f human nature, Huxley elaborates on the methods of achieving a utopia, depicting a future horror in reality. Using the artificially implanted ideas caused by hypermedia, community is achieved when everyone works for everyone else (peg. 91) in order to achieve maximum happiness for the whole society. One of the methods to achieve community is citizens practice a certain way of life that follows the rule that everyone belongs to everyone else (peg. 43), meaning it encourages citizens to have multiple sex partners, or participate in many sexual orgy in order to reach solidarity. Also, the World State believes erotic play between children and adolescents as normal and moral. Next, the social caste system is a high priority to community, since each of the five castes, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilons, conditioning is deluded into feeling as if they are part of the society and not a social outcast. With hypermedia, each caste is thought to appreciate higher classes and conform to the caste ones put in due to repetitive teachings such as, Alpha children wear gray. They work much harder than we do, because theyre so frightfully clever. Im really awfully glad Im a Beta, because I dont work so hard. (peg. 7) The last method used is World State citizens are required to attend strictly regulated, scheduled social activities, such as a solidarity service, obstacle golf and Centrifugal Bumble-puppy, in order to keep citizens occupied and docile. However, if a citizen is withdrawn from everyone else, not promiscuous enough, or does not agree to ones caste, community is not achieved. The methods reveal Huxley fears lack of morality, communism, and lack of free thinking. By encouraging citizens to participate in sexual activities and not think of fidelity, Huxley fears human will have a lack of morality and not know DOD conduct, or behavior is. Creating a caste system for the citizens to belong to show Huxley fear that a Communist dictatorship will run how your part of society. Requiring citizens to participate in social activities in order to keep one busy and not feel alone shows that Huxley fears that one will never be able to have free thinking, or to reflect on the meaning of life. The methods used for community is appalling, immoral, frightening, but in order for community to be achieve the results of identity must be assured. Identity is achieved by teaching World State citizens to inform to ones caste, in order to make one feel different, odd, or a social outcast if one feels more than the minimum of individuality. In the book, genetic engineering is Gamma, Delta, Epsilons, are purposely affected by genetic engineering, for it results in the subordination and inferiority the lower orders have against the upper classes. By pharmaceutically anesthetizing each caste specifically, each caste will passively serve the ruling order. The method of the caste system and using hypermedia is once again revisited, for identity is affected by citizens direct role. The lower orders are aught to hate flowers and books, for A love of nature keeps no factories busy. It was decided to abolish the love of nature, at any rate among lower classes, to abolish the love of nature, but not the tendency to consume transport. (peg. 23) Also, the teachings cause citizens to lack as an individual, for hypermedia teaches children that, Till at last the childs mind is these suggestions, and the sum of the suggestions is the childs mind. And not the childs mind only. The adults mind too-all his life long. The mind that Judges and desire and decides-made up of these suggestions. But all these suggestions are our suggestions Suggestions from the State. (peg. 28-29) Therefore causes citizens to be brainwashed to do their Jobs, either as menial labors, perform administrative Jobs, or work in the government, instead of standing out as an individual in ones caste. The methods used to achieve identity show Huxley fears the possibility of few leaders able to control the masses of the World, for Brave New Worlds government can make people think and look the same without defiance. The methods for community and identity are frightfully thought-provoking ideas but stability needs to be achieved in order for the World State society to be successful as a whole. Through World State citizens work, entertainment, and the consumption of soma, stability will be achieved. The methods to achieve stability has been previously discussed in community and identity, but in order for community and identity to be achieved there must be stability overall. Work is the first method to stabilizing the society, for if one works, there would not be enough time for one to think after work hours only time to dive into pleasure and fun, which leads to entertainment. For entertainment, citizens can do whatever they please as an unconscious reward, since there is no consequences only the risk of citizens to be occupied and docile in their own affairs. Lastly, the consumption of soma, a drug that entertains and raises the sensibility of the consumer, helps insure worldwide stability, since citizens believe a grammar in time saves nine. (peg. 89) With the shallow happiness given to citizens by the utopians government, Huxley fears that people will be controlled through rewards, which poses a greater threat to human freedom rather than punishment. In the west of the world, this seems to be the case, for the people who possess greater power control peoples spending, political loyalties, and even their thoughts with pleasure and distraction, such as large commercial businesses airing commercial Jingles to consumers to buy certain products, instead of consumers buying from little businesses. Also, Huxley fears drugs like tranquilizer, a drug that smooth out any inconvenient instincts of resistance, which is similar to a soma-holiday that eliminates unhappiness, for drugs can invade and take over the conscious mind and culture. All things considered, Brave New World does create the perfect utopian future for the real world, and achieves community, identity and stability. However, the sacrifices to peppiness such as human freedom and individualism to reach the society goals are the caste system, the way of life, the entertainment, the role citizens play in society and the soma for shallow happiness and to achieve the World States motto shows Huxley fears. Huxley fears communism, lack of individuality, lack of ones own control over mind, and the increase of industrialization, but all these fears are supposedly needed to make a perfect utopia? Indeed, through its pessimistic view of human nature, Huxley elaborates on the methods of achieving a utopia, depicting a future horror in reality.

Hypothesis or Theory (Tips on Scientific Language) - Get Proofed!

Hypothesis or Theory (Tips on Scientific Language) - Get Proofed! Tips on Scientific Language Science can be a dangerous thing in the wrong hands. According to one song, it can even cause blindness. And as a result, we need to be careful with science and scientific language. (And Thomas Dolby.) Were not sure of Dolbys scientific qualifications, though. (Photo: Arthur Mouratidis/wikipedia) The main problem (for us) is that scientists often use familiar terms in unfamiliar ways. And if you don’t know the scientific use of these words, it’s easy to make an error. So, to help out, we’re taking a closer look at three terms: â€Å"hypothesis,† â€Å"theory,† and â€Å"significant.† Hypothesis (A Testable Idea) In everyday language, we sometimes use â€Å"hypothesis† to refer to an educated guess. This is fairly close to how it’s used in the sciences, but it also has some specific requirements. A hypothesis should be: An attempt to explain something that can be observed Phrased in a way that means we can test it Once a hypothesis has been tested, it can then be accepted or rejected depending on the results. Theory (A Well-Tested Concept) A theory is a proposed explanation of something. But when people say that something is â€Å"just a theory,† they mean that it hasn’t been proven. This is because one sense of â€Å"theory† is â€Å"speculation.† However, in scientific writing, it means the complete opposite of this. A scientific theory is actually something that has been tested repeatedly and that is widely accepted as true. This makes it much stronger than a hypothesis and much, much stronger than pure speculation! This doesn’t mean that a theory can’t be disproved, but you would need to show evidence that it’s untrue or suggest a better theory. A scientific theory is never â€Å"just† a theory. Its just a theory supported by 160 years of research. Significant (Unlikely to Have Happened by Chance) To be â€Å"significant† is usually to be important or noteworthy. The opposite is to be â€Å"insignificant.† In the sciences, though, â€Å"significant† typically refers to statistical significance. The results of a test are statistically significant if we can show that they’re unlikely to be due to chance alone. The opposite of this is â€Å"non-significant,† which means that the results could have been influenced by randomness. In addition, keep in mind that something can be statistically significant without being noteworthy. There’s a statistically significant relationship between breaking eggs and making an omelet, for example, but this isn’t a hugely â€Å"significant† discovery in terms of being interesting or important. Its a scientific breakthrough! Other Scientific Language The terms above are significant (in the everyday sense) because they’re common in many scientific fields. As such, anyone reading or writing about science needs to know how they’re used. However, there are plenty of other examples. If a physicist is discussing a â€Å"flavor of quark,† for instance, they could be talking about either subatomic particles or dairy products. This is why we need to be careful with scientific language. And if you come across a familiar word being used in an unusual way, always double check its scientific meaning.

Strategic Decision Making Underwater Hotel Essay

Strategic Decision Making Underwater Hotel - Essay Example However, other elements, particularly the individual actions that supported the goals and objectives of the model, are deficient. Components like cost structure or key activities are also ill-placed, especially when the model should provide a logical and structured framework where the hotel’s characteristics and potential can be clearly converted into economic outputs. (Chesbrough, 2011: 94) This must have been what Neely (2007: 200) had in mind when explaining how a model improperly grounded in the performing unit as a phenomenon will most likely overlook the variables that influence how the system functions. Because of these cited weaknesses, the business model will fail in the areas of theoretical and operational coherence. To address this, an improved framework should be adopted. An appropriate framework is outlined below. Fig. 1: Suggested Framework (Osterwalder, 2009: 44) The model shown above has been perfected by Osterwalder and could actually be modified into several other versions to accommodate the differences in both components and objectives. What the model offers is not only an effective framework description, but also the capacity to be flexible and envision alternatives. Hence, this particular model can optimize processes for underwater hotel ventures and its objectives, especially in the long term. II. Integration of the Business Model In terms of integration, the business model is quite efficient. The framework outlines clear practices and activities as well as future objectives and visions. This strengthens the business model, especially considering the fact that the venture is entering into the market for the first time. However, as has been previously cited, the model—in effectively integrating components—must provide nodes to depict their relationships and connections. Jaakola, Kiyoki and Tokuda (2008: 154) identified this as the node structure, an element in business models that explain processes such as value creatio n and business transactions. III. Feasibility of the Business Model Elements unique to a business model add to the complexity of how framework should be examined in the context of its feasibility. The most important criteria, however, is economic viability. This should made a crucial precondition, because without it there is no reason for existence, as the project being undertaken cannot be supported by the market. The project, as defined by the business model, should be profitable. What this means is that rewards must either equal or surpass the expectations of diversified investors on a risk-adjusted basis from investments made and resources consumed (Johnson, 2007: 42). Currently, the business model lacks value-added development and thus misses out on the profits available. Another important aspect in a business model is the way it creates value or shared value among business partners. According to Vermeulen and Cotula (2010: 35), there are four criteria that should be used to de termine how a business model shares value: 1. Ownership of business equity shares 2. Ability to take part in decision–making process 3. Commercial risk and other types of risk such as political and reputational risks 4. Sharing of economic costs and benefits and other financial arrangements All of these variables are related to each other. One may be linked or is responsible for the existence of another. Nonetheless, these elements collectively bring about value and, hence, must be present in a business

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION ASSIGNMENT

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION - Assignment Example Cystic Fibrosis that is not showing or dominant is said to be recessive. The parents thus are carriers since they appear normal yet they have a child that shows the deformity. It’s justified to say that the parents are carriers since for cystic fibrosis to manifest, like any other trait it requires two genes, one from each of the parents. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is connoted as the building block of an organism. It is known to be host to information that is crucial for a cell functioning for example protein synthesis as well as replicating itself. It contains four nucleotide bases namely: RNA appears same way as the DNA In that the two are nucleic acids with bases comprising of nitrogen and brought together by a sugar- phosphate. There are however divergences of the structures as well as functions characterizing RNA and the DNA. 6. In your own words, describe the process of protein synthesis, starting with the DNA, stored in the nucleus, and ending with the completed protein. Be sure to mention the terms code, codon, anticodon, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids and ribosomes in your answer. During protein manufacture, RNA kinds that play various roles include one, Messenger RNA referred as mRNA that is tasked with ferrying genetic message or information. A package of 3 mRNA bases within a row constitutes a codon which then defines an amino acid. The second is the Ribosomal RNA, referred as rRNA contained in ribosomes where the actual protein manufacture occurs. The third is the RNA tasked with transfer, tRNA that piles an amino acid on a developing protein. Since the DNA keeps genetic information, then the RNA ferries that message all the way to the cytoplasm, where it is utilized to manufacture proteins. Genetic counseling is a process that involves advising a couple about genetic conditions and to that effect taking a keen examination of a couple’s family back ground (OToole & Marie, 755). The doctor orders the carrying

How did the wars between the French Republic and the monarchies of Research Paper

How did the wars between the French Republic and the monarchies of Europe lead to the Terror and the Napoleonic Empire - Research Paper Example This war was later dominated by Napoleon who fought against the seven coalitions of European states. The origin of this war trace back to the ousting of the monarchy Louis XVI by the revolution (Wilde 1). The revolution installed a government that was not favorable with the rest of Europe. This led to ideological differences as the monarchies and empires were against the newly instituted rule. There was objection from the families and relatives of affected individuals. The nations of central Europe were against declaration issued by Austria and Prussia in 1791 of restoring the monarchy as they had an interest of dividing Poland amongst them (Waller 75). In fact, they changed the wording of declaration of Pillnitz so that they could avoid war. However, France misunderstood the document and launched a protective mechanism against the nations on April 1792 (Wilde 1). Initially, the war was faced by difficulties especially after an invading Germany took Verdum and moved close to Paris. H owever, the French managed to push the advancing enemies back. On November 19 of the same year, the National Convention assisted people who were willing to regain their lost freedom (Wilde 1). This was a justification to the creation of allied buffer zones around France. On December 15 on the same year, they made a vow that the revolutionary laws of France were to be advanced abroad by use of their armies. Additionally, France engaged in an initiative of territorial expansion. They felt that they would be protected by opposing and overthrowing any king in authority. Consequently, the association of European state came together to oppose these developments as a first coalition (Waller 75). This led to combat that lasted over two decades that eventually led to the fall of the revolution. This paper seeks to focus on how the war led to the terror and the Napoleonic Empire. Reign of Terror The war between the French republic and monarchies of Europe led to the rise of the reign of terro r. This reign lasted from 1789 to 1799. When France went to war against Austria, there was a need for more men to fight the approaching enemy. As a result, Danton that called for more men to join the French army instituted a convention. This led to serious revolts that were against the deliberations of the convention. Major revolts were experienced in Vendee as the peasants defied the authority of the meeting and design of revolution (Bastille Day History 1). They agitated for the reestablishment of the monarchy. They led to rise of civil war between the Vendeen and the guards of the established republic. As a result, over 100, 000 people died (Bastille Day History 1). On April 6 1793, a committee was created and led to the establishment of the new government led by Robespierre. Serious measures were put to counter resistance locally and French military defeats in Belgium. The Girondists were accused of military crisis, and 22 of its members were guillotined (Bastille Day History 1) . This was the decline of the true revolution ideas. The reign of terror spread to the rest of the country on September 1793. Consequently, hundreds of French were killed to instill frightening trend of anger and decadence. Those perceived to be the enemy of the revolution were arrested and executed without trial. This led to the death of over 40,000 people in a period of 15 months (Bastille Day History 1). The period after this saw the death of many other people through Guillotine. One of those was the wife of

Globalisation The Prospects And Challenges Politics Essay

Globalisation The Prospects And Challenges Politics Essay Without an iota of doubt it can be said that one of the metanarratives of our time is globalisation. Indeed, the phrases like the world has become a global village have become clichà ©s. To quote Fred Halliday Globalization has become, over the past few years, the catchword of international economic and political analysis. [Halliday, 2000, pp. 238] David Held and Anthony Mcgrew have expressed this in a slightly different way Indeed, globalization is in danger of becoming, if it has not already become, the clichà © of our times: the big idea which encompasses everything from global financial markets to the Internet but which delivers little substantive insight into the contemporary human condition [Held, Mcgrew, et al. 1999, pp. 1] They then superinduce globalization reflects a widespread perception that the world is rapidly being moulded into a shared social space by economic and technological forces and that developments in one region of the world can have profound consequences f or the life chances of individuals or communities on the other side of the globe.[Ibid] Here in this paper, first we will deal with the definitional and conceptual aspects of globalization. Then we will focus on the prospects and challenges of globalization. Finally, we will try to arrive at a cogent conclusion. Globalization has been defined by different writers in different ways. Indeed, it has got different meanings to different people. According to Anthony Mcgrew, in simplest terms, globalization refers to widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness [Mcgrew in Smith and Baylis (ed), pp. 20]. Martin Griffiths and Terry O Callaghan have defined is as the acceleration and intensification of mechanisms, processes and activities that are allegedly promoting global interdependence and perhaps ultimately global political and economic integration. It is, therefore, a revolutionary concept, involving the deterritorialisation of social, political, economic, and cultural life. [Griffiths and OCollaghan, 2004, pp. 126-127]. According to Steve Smith and John Baylis, globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness between societies such that events in one part of the world have more and more effects on peoples and societies for away. They have also conceptualized the global world as one in which political, economic, cultural and social events become more and more impact. [Smith and Baylis ed, 2005, pp. 8] It is to be viewed not as a mere series of reforms giving free rein to transnational companies but as a radical programme to reshape the entire, economic, political, legal and ideological landscape of capitalism [Zuege, Leys et al (ed), 2006, pp. 1]. Amiya Kumar Bagchi has provided a different interpretation of globalization in his paper Womans Employment and well-being in a Globalising world as a deliberate concatenation and control of processes of production, exchange, information and services by the rich in rich nations of the world in collusion with the rich of most countries so as to increase their own power and wealth at the cost of the poor and disadvantaged everywhere. [Bagchi in Kar (ed), 2005, pp. 276] We may cite a few more definitions of globalization In words of Giddens, globalization refers to the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. [Quoted in Smith and Baylis (ed), 2005, pp. 24] Gilpin calls it The integration of the world-economy. [Ibid]. Scholte conceptualizes it in terms of De-territorialisation or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the growth of supraterritorial relations between people. [Ibid] David Harvey defines globalization in terms of time space compression. [Ibid] Anthony Mcgrew defines globalisation as a historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power relations across regions and continents. [Mcgrew in Smith and Baylis (ed), 2005, pp. 24] In his presidential address to the 78th Annual Conference of the Indian Economic Association (28-30 Dec, 1995), Deepak Nayyar defined globalization as the expansion of economic activities across political boundaries of the nation states. More important, perhaps, it refers to a process of increasing economic integration and growing economic inter-dependence between countries in the world economy. It is associated not only with an increasing cross-border movement of goods, services, capital, technology, information and people also with an organization of economic activities which straddles national boundaries. [Nayyar, 1996, pp. 1] Held and Mcgrew have written, A satisfactory definition of globalization must capture each of these elements : extensity (stretching), intensity, velocity and impact. And a satisfactory account of globalization must examine them thoroughlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. By acknowledging these dimensions a mere precise definition of globalization can be offered. Accordingly, globalization can be thought of as: a process (or set of process) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction, and the exercise of power. [Held and Mcgrew (ed), 1999, pp. 15-16]. According to C. Sheela Reddy, Globalisation is a complex, multidimensional, social, economic, cultural, technological and political process in which the mobility of capital, ideas, technology, organizations and people has acquired a growing global and transnational form. Advances in new technology (in particular information and communications technology), cheaper and quicker transport, trade, liberalization, increase in financial flows and growth in the size and power of corporations are its distinctive features. It is a blessing to people benefitting from the new opportunities. At the same time others are being left behind in poverty, effectively marginalized from the hopes that globalization holds out. [Reddy, 2008, pp. 84] Thus, from the above definitions, we may reiterate some important aspects of globalization like increasing interaction of social, economic, and political activity, relative deterritorialisation and de-nationalisation of the state, increasing movements of good and services, deregulation of national economy and so on. Anthony Mcgrew observes that globalization is characterized by a stretching of social, political and economic activities across political frontiers. the intensification, or the growing magnitude of interconnectedness in almost every sphere of social existence. the accelerating pace of global interactions and processes as the evolution of world wide systems of transport and communication. the growing extensity, intensity and velocity of global interactions. [Mcgrew in Steve and Baylis (ed), 2005, pp. 22] PERIODISATION OF GLOBALISATION: The periodisation of the process of globalization has been a matter of intense debate. Some regard it as a new phenomenon, while others regard it as the new phase of an old phenomenon and thus old wine in a new bottle. Chandan Sengupta has written One opinion is that the concept of globalization dates back to the voyage of discovery in the 15th century. According to Immanuel Wallerstein, the capitalist economic foundation of globalization was laid as early as in the16th century. Ronald Roberstson traced the historical temporal path of globalization to the present complex structure of global system through five phases: (i) the germinal (1400-1750) phase of dissolution of christendom an emergence of nationalism in Europe, (ii) the incipient (1750-1875) phase of nation state and the initial phase of internationalism and universalism in Europe, (iii) the take off (1875-1925) phase of conceptualization of the world as a single international society, global calendar, first world war, mass international migration and inclusion of non-Europeans in the international club of nation states; (iv) the struggle for hegemony (1925-1969) phase of cold war, the emergence of legue of Nations and the UN, and the emergence of third world, and (v ) the uncertainty (1969-1992) phase of space exploration, recognition of global environmental problem and global mass media, via space technology [ ] The roots of newly emerging forces of globalization have been traced in specific economic and political developments in the late 1980s or early 1990s. [Sengupta, 2001, pp. 3137] TWO PERSPECTIVES OF THE CONCEPTUAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF GLOBALISATION: According to Chandan Sengupta, there are two broad contexts in which globalization has been defined. These two contexts are not very far from one another. One is the economic context, the other that of non-economic which broadly includes socio-cultural, historical and political dimensions of globalization. Such a division of however, the author admits, in reality appear to be false because it is difficult to observe cultural dimensions of globalization totally independent of its material aspects. Scholars like Immanuel Wallerstein have resorted to the first perspective. While, Giddens, Robertson and Waters et. al, have tried to look globalization through the prism of socio-cultural perspective. [Ibid, pp. 3138]. THE GLOBALISATION DEBATE AND THE THREE SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT: Anthony, Mcgrew, David Held et. al have pointed out three broad schools of thought in relation to the globalization debate namely the hyperglobalizers, the sceptics, and the transformationalists. In essence each of these schools may be said to represent a distinctive account. We will highlight briefly what these theses are: For the hyperglobalisers, such as Ohmae, contemporary globalization defines a new era in which peoples everywhere are increasingly subject to the disciplines of the global marketplace. By contrast the sceptics, such as Hirst and Thompson, argue that globalization is essentially a myth which conceals the reality of an international economy increasingly segmented into three major regional blocs in which national governments remain very powerful. Finally, for the transformationalists, chief among them being Rosenau and Giddens, contemporary patterns of globalization are conceived as historically unprecedented such that states and societies across the globe are experiencing a process of profound change as they try to adapt to a more interconnected but highly uncertain world. Interestingly more of these three schools map directly on to traditional ideology positions or worldviews. [Held and Mcgrew, et. al, 1999, pp. 2] Held and others have also summarized the three dominant tendencies of globalization debate in a tabular form as follows. Conceptualizing globalization: three tendency Hyperglobalists Sceptics Transformationalists Whats new? A global age Trading blocs, weaker geogoverance than in earlier periods Historically unprecedented levels of global interconnectedness Dominant features Global capitalism, global governance, global civil society World less interdependent than in 1890s Thick'(intensive and extensive) globalization Power of national governments Declining or eroding Reinforced or enhanced Reconstituted restructured Driving forces of globalization Capitalism and technology States and markets Combined forces of modernity Pattern of stratification Erosion of old hierarchies Increased marginalization of south New architecture of world orders Dominant motif McDonalds, Madonna etc. National interest Transformation of political community Conceptualization of globalization As a reordering of the framework of human action As internationalization in regionalisation As reordering of interregional relations and actions at a distance Historical trajectory Global civilization Regional blocs / clash of civilizations Indeterminate global integration and fragmentation Summery argument The end of the nation-state Internationalisation depends on state acquiescence and support Globalization transformation state power and world politics [Ibid, pp. 10] It is noteworthy that when it comes to the sources of contention in the globalization debate, Held and others have mentioned five principal sources namely conceptualization causation periodisation impacts and the trajectories of globalization. [Held and Mcgrew et al.,1999,p10 ] It is not the purpose of this paper to explore them all at length. So, we will limit our discussion to the prospects and challenges of globalization only. PROSPECTS OF GLOBALISATION: Globalisation is a double edged phenomenon. It has got prospects as well as challenges. As regards the prospects or post dimensions of globalization, Smith and Baylis have written: The pace of economic transformation is so great that it has created a new world politics. States are no longer closed units and they cannot control their economies. The world economy is more interdependent than ever, wit trade and finances ever expanding. Communications have fundamentally revolutionized the way we deal with the rest of the world. We now live in a world where events in one location can be immediately observed in the other side of the world. Other side of the world. Electronic communications alter our notions of the social groups we work and live in. There is now, more than ever before, a global culture, so that most urban areas resemble one another. The world shares a common culture, much of it emanating from Hollywood. The world is becoming more homogeneous. Differences between peoples are diminishing. Time and space seem to be collapsing. Our old ideas of geographical space and of chronological time are undermined by the speed of modern communications and media. There is emerging a global polity, with transnational social and political movements and the beginnings of a transfer of allegiance from the state to sub-state, transnational, and international bodies. A cosmopolitan culture is developing. People are beginning to think globally and act locally. A risk culture is emerging with people realizing both that the main risks that face them are global (pollution and AIDS) and that states are unable to deal with the problems. [Smith and Baylis, 2005, pp. 10-11] C. Sheela Reddy wrote about the positive dimensions of globalizations as follows Increasing economic opportunities for countries to find markets in which their labour forces can compete effectively. Opportunities for countries with institutional and technical infrastructure to attract investments. Increasing consumer choice and falling prices for individuals around the world. Increasing protection of vulnerable groups, as communications technology facilitates global awareness and actions by international solidarity and human rights movements. Better protection of the right to seek, receive and impact information through new communication tools including cellular phones, satellite television and the internet. The right of freedom of association or freedom of assembly for which physical presence is no longer required due to new communication tools. Facilitating exchange of information on social policies and services, access to educational information and multicultural link with people of other cultures. [Reddy, 2008, pp. 86] Certain writers argue that now national boundaries do not stand in way of process of an individual or a community thanks to globalization. Men (and women) have gained access to the treasure of knowledge and culture which is the product of genius all over the world. Now local communities have the opportunity to benefit from technology information, services, and markets available anywhere in the world. Finally, globalization has created an awareness regarding the global environment all over the world, and different nations have come to recognize global problems as a matter of their individual and collective responsibility [Gauba, 2005, pp. 173] Another section of writers who strike a balance between the merits and demerits of globalization have noted that globalisation has raised per capita income in the world to three times since 1945; it has created awareness regarding environment, and congenial conditions for disarmament. It has brought the condition of subordinate groups to limelight and inspired them to form their global organizations for their emancipation. It has also liberated them from the ideological domination of their local communities and enabled them to fight for their legitimate rights. [Ibid] As regard the impact of globalization on women, Lene Sjorup has written: women are ( ) involved in globalization at a number of interlocking, diverse and sometimes even contradictory levels. They may very well be the victims of one aspect of globalization, while they remain central actors in other aspects. Why, I ask myself, paint a picture of an overwhelming enemy confronting women, when a more detailed socio-religio-political analysis shows that women participate in complicated ways in global developments? Women surely are confronted with a number of obstacles at many levels. But, why use a mega-term like globalisation for describing the arch-enemy, instead of analyzing the many forms of oppression women face within the process of globalization, and including those from which we also benefit. [Sjorup, 1997, pp. 97] Thus, it would be wrong to treat globalization as a total anathema. As regards the future of globalization, Stanley Fischer (the first Deputy Managing Director of IMF) commented to Closing Panel Discussion of IMF on Aug 26, 2000: What about the future (of globalization)? Two cheering observations to begin with: First, most developing countries continue to liberalize trade despite their complaints about the global trading system. We calculate an index of trade barriers for individual IMF member countries. Almost uniformly, it shows that barriers to trade have been declining in the developing countries. They understand that unilateral trade liberalization is in their own interest, they are arguing for the advanced countries to open up not for themselves to close down and that is good news. Second, despite the recent crisis, capital accounts in almost all emerging market countries have remained open. And the two largest economies with relatively closed capital accounts. They understand that is the best way to go. They understand that is the best way to go. They are doing it cautiously and gradually and they are right to do it that way. But the direction in which they are moving is clear. Policy-makers in almost all developing countries have no intention of reversing the process of capital account opening, despite their complaints over much of what is going on in the world, and despite their concerns over the recent crises. [http: // www.imf.org/external / np/ speeches/2000/082600.htm. visited on 21/03/10 at 8.30 p.m] He has also mentioned two forecasts.The first is conditional : if we, and this means policy makers of the advanced countries and the international institutions, manage the processes well and bring the developing countries into the process of globalization, it will continue, to the potential benefit of all and to the likely benefit of almost all. And, second, there will be surprises along the way. [Ibid] CHALLENGES OF GLOBALISATION: The rewards of globalization has not been uniform and equitable. It has benefitted only a certain category of states and people. M.A. Ommen has even called it a contrived phenomenon. He cites three reasons why globalization is not the culmination of a natural process: Firstly, the world today is virtually governed by the G-7 countries (the USA, the UK, Japan, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy). The IMF, World Bank and the World Trade Organization (WTO), the avatar of GATT, are neatly co-opted into the process of the economic management of the world. Second, science and technology are not a free pursuit. They are in captivity, so to say. The military powers (this includes the former Soviet Union) and transnational corporations (TNCS) have manipulated science technology for power and profit. This trend continues. The end of cold war has not materially altered the situation. Third, the United States of America as Prof. Vernon points out, has been trying to create an international system in its own image has pioneered the so-called development ideology to counter communism. [Ommen, 1995, pp.75] GLOBALISATION : THE NEW AVATAR OF IMPERIALISM Some scholars are viewing globalization as the new face of imperialism. They are of the view that imperialist globalization is gradually spreading its wings to cast an abysmally dark shadow world over. Thinkers like Ranen sen are very much critical of this contretemps. He writes Globalisation is paving the way for the US imperialism which is out to exploit the unipolar geopolitics. Militarization and more aggressive programmes are designed within framework of hegemenistic objectives of the CIS authorities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Washington has a long-term plan to destabilize the south and central Asian countries which have untapped hydrocarbon resource. Afghanistan has a massive resource of natural gas and Iraq has a developed oil industry. The US scheme of subversion in Afghanistan, Iraq and adjacent countries in nothing new. After becoming the hegemonistic ruler of world capitalist order, following the collapse of the USSR, Wash ington pressed Pentagon more vigorously into service to dominate the oil and natural gas sectors in those countries.[Sen in Kar (ed) 2005, pp. 93-94] It is often claimed that globalization has led to the increasing interdependence. Now, the basic questions concern. Interdependence among and who are the beneficiaries? Samit Kar writes in the preface of GLOBALISATION : ONE WORLD MANY VOICES [pp. 12] Is this interdependence of world society real or tilted in favour of the richer nations? Neo-Marxists are also apprehensive of the lopsided development brought by globalization Robert Cox and other neo-Marxists à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ stress the uneven hierarchical nature of economic globalization. The global economic power is increasingly concentrated in the leading industrialised countries, including the United States, Japan, and the States of Western Europe. That means the economic globalization will not benefit the impoverished masses of the Third World. Nor will it improve the living standards of the poor in the highly industralised countries. [Jackson and Sorensen, 2003, pp. 217] Mahuya Chakrabarty writes in the same vein in the article Free Market Globalisation: Oil conflict and US aggression-This so-called free market globalization does not actually mean the spread of productive capital in the world but the accelerated accumulation and concentration of capital in the few imperialist countries, chiefly the US. Liberalization, p rivatization and deregulationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the key factors attached with free market globalization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. have accelerated the outflow of social weather created by the people from the neo-colonies to the neo-imperialist countries. Here, the principal actor is the MNCs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the multinational agencies like the IMF, World Bank and WTO. [Chakrabarty in Kar (ed), 2005, pp. 108] Ranen Sen has written Globalisation is a bid to restructure the power and politics of developed capitalist countries under the US hegemony. It is in a way to recolonization through the trinity of World Bank, IMF and WTO. [Sen in Kar (ed), 2005, pp. 94] In the same tune Petras and Polychroniou, have pointed out the real nature and motives of these financial institutions These institutions were controlled by appointees of the respective imperial states and their function was to displace national markets and local producers and undermine popular social legislation in order to facilitate the entry of multinationals and the primacy of domestic export elites producing for the markets of the imperial counties. [Petras and Polychroniou, 1997, pp. 2251] GLOBALISATION AND UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT: The process of globalization is highly uneven. Deepak Nayyar observes There are less than a dozen developing countries which are an integral part of globalization in the late twentieth century. Argentina, Brazil and Mexico in Latin America and Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand in Asia. These eleven countries accounted for about 30 percent of total exports from developing countries during the period 1970-1980. This share rose to 59 per cent in 1990 and 66 per cent in 1992. The same countries, excluding Korea, were also the main recipients of direct investment in the developing world accounting for 66 per cent of the average annual inflows during the period 1981-1991à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this evidence suggests that globalization is most uneven in its spread and there is an exclusion in the process. Sub-Saharan Africa, West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia are simply not in the picture, apart from many co untries in Latin America, Asia and the Pacific which are left out altogether. [Nayyar, 1996, pp. 15] Nayyar also notes that the benefits of integration with the world economy, through globalization, would accrue only to those countries which have laid the requisite foundations for industrialization and development. This means investing in the development of human resources and the creation of a physical infrastructure. This means the acquisition of technological and managerial capabilities at a micro-level. This means the creation of institutions that would regulate, govern and facilitate the functioning of markets. In each of these pursuits, strategic forms of state intervention are essential. The countries which have not created these pre-conditions could end up globalizing prices without globalizing incomes. In the process, a narrow segment of their population may be integrated with the world economy, in terms of consumption patterns or living styles, but a large proportion of their population may be marginalized even further. [Ibid, pp. 16] According to C. Sheela Reddy, the benefits of economic globalization have not accrued to the majority due to certain adverse consequences like: The increase of inequalities among regions and nations, within nations and among individuals The continued growth of poverty. The increase of peoples vulnerability due to social risks such as unemployment and crime. The decrease in opportunities for regions, nations, communities and individuals to enjoy the benefits and advantages provided by globalization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Thus the benefits of globalization are not uniformly enjoyed at present as many people still live in poverty and the result of alleviation efforts are uneven within and between the regions of the world. [Reddy, 2008, pp. 87-88] Hirst and Thompson have made a very harsh criticism of globalization. According to them, the most extreme versions of globalizations are a myth. In support of this claim, they have offered five arguments. First, the present internationalized economy is not unique in history. In some respects they say it is less open than the international economy between 1870 and 1914. Second, they find that genuinely transnational companies are relatively rare, most are national companies trading internationally. There is no trend towards the development of international companies. Third, there is no shift of finance and capital from the developed to the underdeveloped worlds. Direct investment is highly concentrated amongst the countries of the developed world. Fourth, the world-economy is not global, rather trade, investment, and financial flows are concentrated in and between three blocs Europe, North America, and Japan. Finally, they argue this group of three blocs could, if they co-ordinated p olicies, regulate global economic markets and forces [quoted in Smith , Baylis, 2005, p. 11] We will highlight here some other challenges of globalization First it must be borne in mind that competitive markets may be the best guarantee of efficiency, but not of equity. And markets are neither the first not the last word in human development. There was a time when many activities and goods that are crucial to human development were provided outside the market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but these are now being squeezed by the pressure of global competition. The policy of structural adjustment which was forced on most of the third world countries has reduced the amount of government expenses in health, employment as well as in education sector, subsequently making the people of the third world the victim of globalization. Second, unequal distribution: When the market goes too far in dominating social and political outcome, the opportunities and reward of globalization spread unequally and inequitably à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. concentrating power and values in a select group of people, nations and corporations, marginalizing the others. When the market goes our of hand, the instability grows up, as in the financial crisis in East Asia and its worldwide implications cutting global output by estimated 2 trillion dollar in 1998-2000. Since 1980s many countries have captured the opportunities of economic and technological globalization. Other than the industrial countries, the countries like India, Poland, Turkey, Chile are attracting foreign investment and taking advantage of technological progress. At the other extreme there any many countries, not all benefited from expanding markets and advancing technology Madagascar, sub-Saharan countries among others. Third, Inequality within and between countries: Jayati Gosh has written in her article Imperialist Globalisation and the political economy of South Asia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The recent process of imperialist globalization has been marked by greatly increased disparities, both within countries and between countries. [Ghosh in Kar (ed.), 2005, pp. 260.] Inequality has been rising in many countries since the early 1980s In China, disparities are widening between the export oriented region of the coast and the interior. The human poverty index is just under 20% in coastal provinces, but more than 50% inland Guijhou. Inequality between the countries has also been increasing. Noteworthy that the income gap between the richest and the poorest fifth in the world was just 3:1 in 1820. Today, the gap in one word is gargantuan. Let us look at the following statistics included in UNDP 1999 Report: Year Income Gap Ratio 1820 3:1 1870 7:1 1913 11:1 1960 30:1 1990 60:1 1997 74:1 Again at the turn of the 21 century, the richest 20% of the worlds population had: > 86% of world GDPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The bottom fifth had 1% > 82% of world export markets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the bottom fifth had 1% <

Evolutionary Theory: The Relationship Between Science and Religion :: Evolution

Evolutionary Theory: The Relationship Between Science and Religion In "The Selfish Gene" (1), Dawkins introduced the concept of replicating units of information, called "memes". They compete for our minds and our hearts, replicating in society in the form of fairy tales, catchy tunes, moral codes and theories. One of the most prolific struggles today occurs between the titanic memes of Science and Religion. While their relationship is complex, its historical trajectory is one of co-evolution, mapping the gradual accumulation of adaptive responses to each other. As these stories change, so too do our networks of meaning. Uneasy bedfellows In considering the Christian faith (not more important than any other, but one that I am familiar with), the role of religion is typically perceived as one of moral guidance. Before science arrived on the scene in the West, however, religion also served an explanatory function, as through the Bible's story of creation. This role did not fade into the background when a fledgling science was first established. As a matter of fact, scientific endeavors were appropriated by natural theologians funded by the Church (for example, through the 19th century Bridgewater Treatises (2)) to prove the existence of God through the manifestations of intelligent design in nature. Gradually, science began to develop its own philosophy and methodologies. It even began to provide new answers to the "how" questions that religion had previously addressed. Then came evolution. In 1859, the publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species" (3) held a magnifying glass to the fissure that had been growing. The two giants found themselves playing with different sets of rules. Revelation and faith, fundamental 'methodologies' in religion, were simply unacceptable to science. Lovers' spat Although religion relegated control of explanation and began to focus on spirituality and values, the conflict is far from resolved. Dawkins (4), like many other proponents of science, simply believes that religion is obsolete. Learning and knowledge, he argues, will clear the cobwebs in our minds that gave rise to religion in the first place. Others have proposed science as a new agnostic religion (5) and moral system (6), praising its commitment to evidence and philosophy of deduction. Those in agreement have raised their own Big Questions (7) from within the ranks of the natural and social sciences, as well as the humanities. Discussions in the World Question Centre (8), for example, range from democracy and complexity to sustainability and fear.

Indian Telecom Industry

Price War in Indian Telecom Industry An academic project submitted by students of eEPSM at IIMK eEPSM -02 Student Name Roll Number Amitabh Kumar Patnaik eEPSM-02-003 Balasubramaniam T eEPSM-02-006 Manmeet Singh eEPSM-02-023 Rahul Mishra eEPSM-02-034 Somashekar Lingaraju eEPSM-02-047 Table of Contents Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 The Indian Telecommunications Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Mobile Growth – Twist in the Game†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Revenue and Growth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Beginning of Overcrowding and Price War†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Industry perspectives on Price War/ Falling Rates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Opinions from Industry Stalwarts and Watchers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 3G on the Horizon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Growth at Home and Abroad†¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 0 The Indian telecom sector could be going the airline way. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Hypothesis on future trends of structure conduct and performance of Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Who wins who looses?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Exhibit 1: Indian Telecom Industry Key Milestones†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Exhibit 2: India Telecommunication Industry – Facts and Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Exhibit 3: Subscriber Base in Key States†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Exhibit 4: operator wi se wireless subscriber base in India †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 Exhibit 5: Performance of QoS Parameters for Cellular Mobile Services †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 List of References:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 Executive Summary This document is the result of an academic case study an attempt to analyze and understand the present dynamics of Indian Telecommunication Industry with special focus on the Price war in mobile telecom that has overwhelmed the industry. In this study we attempt to look at the causes that lead to the price war, impact thereof and also hypothesize future trends. Methodology Methodology used for the case study is as follows. We have made a set of hypothesis and arrived at key questions which are used to gather the data around the hypothesis. We have retained hypothesis hich are supported by the data and expert views and presented the hypothesis and conclusions. The Indian Telecommunications Industry The Indian telecommunication industry, with about 506. 04 million mobile phone connections (Nov 2009), is the third largest telecommunication network in the world and the second largest in terms of number of wireless connections. The Indian telecom industry is one of the f astest growing in the world and is projected that India will have ‘billion plus' mobile users by 2015. Projection by several leading global consultancies is that India’s telecom network will overtake China’s in the next 10 ears. Looking at the Industry marked milestones for last 4 to 5 years (Exhibit 1), 2 issues are obvious – Mobile Growth and completion that will lead to a shakeout sooner or later. Mobile Growth – Twist in the Game For the past decade or so, telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India. Efforts have been made from both governmental and non-governmental platforms to enhance the infrastructure. Telecommunication as a technology not only serve all segments of India’s culturally diverse society, would play key role transforming India a country a techno savvy one. The historical journey and the milestones of Telecom revelation in India have been shown in the Exhibit 1 of Appendix section. Currently, India's mobile phone market is the fastest growing in the world, with companies adding some 16. 67 million new customers a month. Some of the key drivers to the exponential growth of this industry are ?A large population ?Low telephony penetration levels ?Rise in consumers' income and spending owing to strong economic growth The first and largest operator is the state-owned incumbent BSNL, which is also the 7th largest telecom company in the world in terms of its number of subscribers. BSNL was created by corporatization of the erstwhile DTS (Department of Telecommunication Services), a government unit responsible for provision of telephony services. Subsequently, after the telecommunication policies were revised to allow private operators, companies such as Bharti Airtel , Vodafone, , Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular, Aircel and Loop Mobile have entered the space. In 2008-09, rural India outpaced urban India in mobile growth rate. The wire line segment subscriber base stood at 37. 16 million with a decline of 0. 13 million in Nov 2009, The Cellular Operators' Association of India forecasts the country's mobile phones ill number one billion by 2013, up from around 500 million currently, a clear indication that the shift is happening radically to wireless handheld devices on the CDMA and GSM Platforms. This is the key trend across the country, lead by the states which have experienced high commercialization and urbanization (See Exhibit 3) – Mobile Subscriber Base in Key States Revenue and Growth The total revenue in the telecom service sector was Rs. 86,720 crore in 2005-06 as against Rs. 71, 674 crore in 2004-2005, registering a growth of 21%. The total investment in the telecom services sector reached Rs. 00,660 crore in 2005-06, up from Rs. 178,831 crore in the previous fiscal. It is difficult to ascertain fully the employment potential of the telecom sector but the enormity of the opportunities can be gauged from the fact that there were 3. 7 million Public Call Offices in December 2005 up from 2. 3 million in December 2004. The value added services (VAS) market alone within the mobile industry in India has the potential to grow to a whopping $10 billion by 2010. Beginning of Overcrowding and Price War Though Indian telecom market might be growing fast, but surviving in this highly competitive market s not easy for telecom companies. Liberalization and globalization combined with the market potentiality lead to many aspirants enter in t o the market in less than 7-8 years leading to a cut throat competition which manifested in a price war. Following is the list of schemes that fuelled the tariff war in India and ultimate manifestation of this was a major decline in the ARPU of the Mobile Telecom Industry itself. Product / Service / Scheme Player Description Post card or Phone call Reliance Reliance Infocomm launched mobile services in India at 40 paise per minute fulfilling Dhirubai Ambani’s dream o make a phone call cheaper than a post card in 2003. Chotta Recharge Hutch Hutch (Vodafone now) launched the chotta recharge voucher at Rs. 10 when the lowest add-on recharge card available was about Rs 50. What’s the message? Lowering the price by 20-30% to the competitors won’t help much in gaining the market share. Think five times cheaper to make an impact. Non-stop Mobile Tata Though the chotta recharge was broadly accepted , But there were issues in prepaid mobile. You need to recharge regularl y as the validity period is limited. With the recharge card of Rs 200, you will get validity only for one onth. So people have to spend at least Rs2000 per year for their mobile just to receive the incoming calls. Tata Indicom launched Non-stop mobile, a scheme where you don’t need to recharge for 2 years but still get free incoming calls. Soon other players responded to Tata Indicom’s plan and then come in Lifetime validity plan by all major telecom players in India. Get Paid for Incoming Virgin Adding logs to the fire Virgin Mobile jumped into the competitive Indian mobile telecom market with the breakthrough-marketing scheme Get paid for incoming calls. 10 paisa free for every minute of incoming call. However this campaign was not well received. Daily telephone allowance Reliance Going a step further (what if one does not get any incoming call? ) Reliance Communication launched its GSM services in Mumbai offering subscribers Rs 10 talk-time every day for the first 90 days. That’s free talk-time worth Rs 900! Directly passed on to consumer Per Second Billing TATA – DOCOMO Taking the bargain to the next level Tata Docomo introduced per second billing 29 Paisa Per Call Uninor A completely new way of pricing plan offers the customer a fixed price for every call regardless of the duration , hich is aimed at young customers who prefer long calls VAS and SMS Reliance On November 28, RCom opened another front in the price war — SMS (short message service). The company unveiled two plans charging one paisa per SMS message. Under the first, customers pay Re. 1 a day and are entitled to send an unlimited number of free SMS messages. Alternatively, you can buy a Rs. 11 mo nthly voucher and each SMS message will cost just one paisa. VAS and SMS Tata Docomo Tata DoCoMo has been heavily promoting its one paisa per character Diet SMS plan. Now, it is inevitable that they and other competitors will have to match RCom's ates. This will not mean a huge drop in revenues: According to estimates, SMS brings in about 5% of total telecom revenues for Indian companies. But companies' bottom lines will still be affected. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has found that each SMS costs the service providers less than one paisa, while they have been charging customers 60 paise to Re. 1 (depending on the plan). Industry perspectives on Price War/ Falling Rates In June this year, Indian telecom service provider Tata DoCoMo announced that it would bill at the rate of one paisa (around 0. 02 cents) per second. In a market that is cluttered with many operators and confusing options, we will offer simplicity to consumers by being the country's most transpare nt, innovative and liberating telecom brand,† said Deepak Gulati, Tata Teleservices president, GSM (global system for mobile communications) Business. A few months later — in September — it unveiled the Diet SMS plan, one paisa per character with no charge for spaces between words. On November 22, it extended the one paisa per second plan to roaming services also. â€Å"When a subscriber is roaming, most telecom operators in India charge a minimum of 50 paise to 60 aise per minute, even when the call duration is less than a minute,† Gulati said in a press statement. â€Å"Under the Tata DoCoMo roaming offer, subscribers will be charged only for what he or she uses — at one paisa per second. For instance, a 15-second call made or received while roaming will elicit a charge of 15 paise only — not up to Re. 1 on a per minute basis, as is the industry norm. † ‘We are responding as we did not have a Choice’ Bharthi Airtel On Oc tober 30, market leader Bharti Airtel took the plunge with the one paisa tariff. In November, it lso cut roaming rates to 60 paise per minute for calls within its network and 80 paise per minute for calls to other networks. On November 24, Bharti took its lowered rates overseas: U. S. customers using calling cards to make calls to India would also be billed at one paisa per second. The company was not happy about these forced countermeasures and their inevitable impact on profits. â€Å"The tariff war has not been launched by us,† Bharti chairman and managing director Sunil Mittal told journalists at the World Economic Forum meeting in Delhi in early November. â€Å"We responded as we did not have a choice. We have always said we will never lead the price war, but responding to the needs of the market is something that every sector and industry has to do. † Although Bharti is the market leader, it has never directly pursued market share; its focus has been share of industry revenues. A survey shows that it is holding its own. â€Å"While the telecom sector's revenues and profits have plunged in the quarter ended September 2009, large private operators such as Bharti Airtel, Reliance Communications (RCom), Vodafone Essar, Idea Cellular and Aircel have all managed to increase heir revenue market share during this period,† according to the survey report. Bharti's revenue market share has increased to 29. 3% as of September 2009, compared to 27. 6% in June the same year, while Vodafone Essar now accounts for 15. 7% of the total earnings of the sector as against 14. 6% in June 2009. Plunging Revenues On the losing side are the public sector telcom firms — Bharat Sanchar N igam Ltd. (BSNL) and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL). On December 1, however, MTNL fired its own salvo by reducing its rates to half a paisa per second for in-network calls and one paisa per second for calls ade outside its network. â€Å"Our pay-per plan is the most affordable in the industry,† said MTNL chairman and managing director R. S. P. Sinha in a press statement when the new rates were announced. The price war's impact on revenues is already apparent. The brutal tariff war that has forced all operators to slash call rates has also resulted in the sector's sales figures dipping over the past six months despite the addition of 80 million customers in the period. The industry clocked about Rs. 38,755 crore in September 2009, which was lower than the sector's revenues in the quarter ended December 2008, when it recorded Rs. 9,408 crore despite having 125 million fewer customers then. The report notes that 13 operators are fighting for share in a market that many be lieve can optimally support four or five — and four more players are planning to enter the market by next year. At this point in time, it is all about grabbing subscribers. â€Å"Industry revenue growth for the quarter ending September 2009 was 1. 7% quarter-on-quarter (Q-on-Q) and 8. 7% year-on-year (Y-on-Y), substantially lower than subscriber growth at 10. 4% Q-on-Q and 49. 6% Y-on-Y,† says a report by equity research firm Enam Securities. â€Å"The aggressive ntry by new GSM players has compelled the incumbents to reluctantly join the tariff war to protect their market share. † At Vodafone Essar, for instance, service revenues dipped 7% from the June quarter to the September quarter. The EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) margin is also down from 28. 4% in the first half of 2008-09 to 24% in the corresponding period of 2009-10. The decline in the EBITDA margin was primarily as a result of the expansion into rural areas an d market price reduction offset by scale efficiencies. That this is entirely in line with industry performance; as oted by ETIG, Vodafone has actually done better than most of its competitors on the share-of-revenue metric. Vodafone has also joined the one paisa bandwagon. â€Å"One paisa per second tariff is one of the several tariff options available to our customers,† says Parida. â€Å"We continue to also offer many per minute tariff options. Our customers can make the choice. † Giving a choice is not necessarily pro-consumer. According to Mahesh Prasad, president of RCom, Indian telecom companies combined have 2,700 different billing plans across the country. On October 5, RCom launched a 50 paise per minute plan called Simply Reliance. Under the plan, all calls — whether local or long distance, to landline or mobile — will cost only 50 paise a minute. Currently, RCom itself has 265 plans. â€Å"Henceforth there will be just one plan,† said Prasad, though older customers will be given a six-month period to migrate. There are a couple of other reasons for this frantic activity. On November 20, TRAI announced that mobile number portability (MNP) would be introduced beginning on December 31. This allows users to move from one service provider to another or even from one technology to another. More importantly, TRAI said the maximum porting charges would be Rs. 9. This makes operator-hopping quite cheap. â€Å"MNP will add more pain to the situation,† says Mahajan of KPMG. According to a report by Anand Rathi Financial Services, the move will lead â€Å"to churn rates higher than the current 4. 5% to 8. 0% per month — at least in the short run. † The level of satisfaction with s ervice providers is low in the Indian telecom space. According to a July Nielsen Mobile Consumer Insights study gauging consumer attitudes and behavior towards mobile operators in India, 18% of Indian mobile phone subscribers plan to change their mobile operator when MNP is introduced. The study found that attrition rates would be the highest for RCom and Tata Indicom. Opinions from Industry Stalwarts and Watchers â€Å"Overcapacity is a characteristic of bubbles,† said Idea Cellular managing director Sanjeev Aga. â€Å"At the national level, overcapacity implies wasteful deployment of national resources (like spectrum) and just offers falling tariffs temporarily. † Since June, the country’s telecom players have been indulging in a price war that had seen tariffs being slashed by a large quantum. After Tata DoCoMo introduced the one-paise-per-second rate, ther competitors have had to follow suit, prompting most companies to witness a fall in profitability. Analysts too derated telecom stocks post the country’s biggest tariff war that brought down call rates. And, that’s not the end. Along with new capacity, competition is expected to rise as new players with deep pockets make a line for what was till last year, one of the India’s fastest growing sectors. Mr Aga said markets tend to be merciless in working out the sector overcapacity. â€Å"The greater the overcapacity, the greater the short-term pain. But, this is the market’s way of separating the efficient rom the inefficient, and restoring balance. The efficient usually emerge stronger from the test and are unchallengeable,† he added. The sector’s woes began when the government handed out new licenses to players in 2007, despite not having enough spectrums. Rekha Jain, executive chairman of the Telecom Centre of Excellence and professor at IIM Ahmedabad, said: â€Å"When the government knew that an operator requires a minimum amount of spectrum (4. 4 Mhz for GSM) to start services, how could it allow everybody to come in? And now, everybody is setting up networks. The government wanted competition, but it has created vercapacity, which will lead to consolidation. † Banks have added fuel to the fire thr ough indiscriminate lending. â€Å"Bank and vendor financing is encouraging overcapacity in the sector, despite the fact that new players’ plans look unsustainable in the long-term,† HSBC Securities and Capital Markets analyst Rajiv Sharma said in a recent report. â€Å"Some of the leading operators are now restructuring their loans,† said industry sources. â€Å"If that continues to be the case, there may be some bankruptcies in the sector within two years from now,† said a top official at a telco on condition of anonymity. A top official at a public sector bank said telecom has received easy lending because it is an important part of infrastructure. â€Å"The current state is an aberration and will correct itself,† he opined. HSBC’s Mr Sharma, however, said: â€Å"The current scenario, with 10-11 players, is unsustainable and a reflection of poor government policies. We are of the view that market with 5-6 players is ideal in the Indian context. † He pointed out that even if the entire spectrum were to be made available in India, it would still be insufficient to cater to all the players. â€Å"It may be more logical to promote investments in elecom infrastructure, encourage rural penetration and rural broadband rather than focus on market structure,† he added. 3G on the Horizon The second big event on the horizon is the launch of 3G (third generation) services next year. The auction for 3G licenses has been delayed. But the proceeds are needed to trim the fiscal deficit. In his budget, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee had estimated that Rs. 20,000 crore would come in through the sale of these licenses, so there is enough incentive for the auction to happen during this financial year (ending March 2010). The base price for these licenses has now been fixed at Rs. 4,040 piece. Analysts estimate that Rs. 30,000 crore to Rs. 40,000 crore could come in through the sale. The department of telecommunications proposes to hold the auction on January 14, 2010. â€Å"An apparent lack of interest in the auction for high-speed 3G and broadband wireless access spectrum won't stop the government from getting bidders to cough up the cash that it needs to control a burgeoning deficit,† according to business daily Mint. â€Å"That's because many potential bidders running 2G services, already scrambling for scarce spectrum to carry mobile phone calls, desperately want the additional frequencies that will come with a 3G license. Analysts say this is the very rea son why foreign companies don't seem too interested in bidding for the 3G licenses. â€Å"Foreign interest in the form of participation in the pre-bid conference has been low probably on account of two factors,† says K. Raman, practice head, telecom, media & technology at the Tata Strategic Management Group (TSMG). â€Å"First, there are regulatory uncertainties with respect to eligibility of 2G spectrum along with a winning 3G bid. Secondly, a pure 3G play may not be attractive for operators and would not make as much business sense as an overlay on 2G. † Adds Alok Shende, principal analyst at Ascentius Consulting: â€Å"A standalone 3G service is unlikely to succeed. The business will start with virtually no consumers, unlike the current players who will have the advantage of captive 2G customers. † According to Shende, â€Å"Indian telecom markets are likely to undergo a tectonic shift with the introduction of new licensees, MNP and the launch of 3G services all scheduled in the next one year. New players will nibble at the market share of the incumbents and — with regulatory constraints on M&A activity — consolidation, a process that could have cleared the market, will be artificially estrained. The rural markets will continue on their growth trail. Today, only 28% of the subscriber base is contributed by the rural segment. † Growth at Home and Abroad The rural market is the other problem area. This is where the growth is — but it is also where very little money can be made. â€Å"Rural markets are still u nder-penetrated† — at about 15% — â€Å"so there is still a strong upside merely on customer addition,† says Parida of Vodafone Essar. The hitch is that some of the plans don't make money. The average revenue per user (ARPU) is now down to around Rs. 200 a month for the industry. In rural areas, however, it is estimated to be in double digits. â€Å"It certainly makes it harder to ensure viability, as the bulk of users are lower-income and less tech-savvy,† says Rajesh Chakrabarti, assistant professor of finance at the Hyderabad-based Indian School of Business (ISB). â€Å"The most [celebrated] aspect of the Indian telecom revolution, as well as its prime driver, was the mind-boggling reduction of rates in a short span of time. Competition among private players was most certainly the key for this. But the model seems to have been that high-margin products would subsidize access. It now seems that most Indian users are unlikely to use the more sophisticated and high-margin features for a long time to come. Nor is the typical handset amenable to most such features. So ARPUs are likely to stay low for a long time, and the subscriber may not move beyond the most basic functions. The per-second billing will just worsen the ongoing price war. † If looking inwards — to rural India — doesn't work in terms of immediate returns, there may be a solution in looking outwards. Indian companies are trying to balance their bets by foraying abroad. If the low-cost model works there, it could bring some relief to the bottom line. The second merger attempt between Bharti and MTN of South Africa may have failed (See Now That the MTN Merger Deal Has Collapsed, What's Next for Bharti Airtel? ), but the Essar Group (which owns a 9. 9% stake in Loop Telecom, apart from its Vodafone Essar interests) has just bought up Dhabi Telecom's African assets. And the public sector MTNL and BSNL are eyeing Zain Telecom of Dubai. â€Å"Indian telecom companies are looking at markets outside India to be able to grow revenues at the historical pace they are used to,† says Raman of TSMG. â€Å"The markets that they have attempted to enter are ones here tariffs are relatively high and future growth through subscriber addition is possible. In other words, replicating an Indian model of telecom growth is possible in such countries. If execution is handled well, there is no reason to believe that such an approach will not work. † â€Å"Telecom is essentially a business of scale,† says Chakrabarti of ISB. â€Å"So the bigger the scale, the lower the costs — proportionately — are going to be. Hence, venturing abroad would be natural in some sense. It may work, provided the regulatory issues and infrastructural and cross-border operational integration challenges can be handled. Chakrabarti sees problems, but he is not pessimistic. â€Å"The industry should be growing steadily in the years to come. There is likely to be a shake-up with some consolidation and exits, and rates may stabilize or even rise a bit. What we are seeing is not so uncommon for new industries — recall the dot-com bubble and bust in the first phase of Internet growth — when players overshoot on the basis of overoptimistic projections. This may be the time for a reality check and reassessment for the players as well as regulators. But in the long run, the prospects for the industry are quite good. † The future of the industry needs to be seen across various timelines,† says Raman of T SMG. â€Å"The next six months will see new operators completing their footprint and at least three serious operators launching services in the country. All of this points to an intense phase of competition and price cuts. Factor in the 3G auction, and one would see below par profitability for [telecom companies] over the next six to eight quarters. The industry could also expect to see consolidation as much as and as fast as regulation allows it to happen. † According to Parida, the number of players in the Indian market has led to fragmentation, and that eeds to be addressed. â€Å"We feel market forces must be allowed to have a freer play in India and that will certainly lead to a consolidation phase ahead. Telecom, particularly mobile telephony, has become an integral part of India's social and economic fabric. As an industry, it is here to stay. † The industry will stay, but not the large number of companies in the fray, according to Raman. â€Å"Operators with a ccess to resources through internal accruals or credit lines will stand to gain from [any coming] consolidation. † Conclusions The Indian telecom sector could be going the airline way. Once the rising star of India Inc, the local telecom industry is now grappling with the problems of overcapacity created due to unregulated lending, new licensing norms and excess vendor financing. The growth is evident as mobile phones are becoming common. In a country of 1. 15 billion, the mobile subscriber base totals about 500 million people. New as well as existing operators are expanding infrastructure to service more people at lower tariffs. The same trend was witnessed in the aviation sector, which has now nose-dived from its peak in 2007. According to industry estimates, elecom operators are ready with lines to accommodate another 200 million people in the next one year. Hypothesis on future trends of structure conduct and performance of Industry Hypothesis Supporting Analysis Consolidation is the only way for further growth and there will be less than 5 players in next 3 years ?Every Players suffers from Churn Rate which would pose pressure on the players to keep growing th e subscriber base ?Industry / Market which is close to maturity cannot support this many players ?Only rural markets are having lower tele density which may apparently show some potentiality owever due to very little ARPU of Rural Customers , companies will not be able to achieve revenue targets All players including the ones which maintain premium image yield to price war pressure and will experience revenue loss and high cost ?Already a no-holds-barred price war has driven down billing rates to under a cent a minute, hitting revenues and profits of market leaders such as Bharti Airtel and Reliance Communications. ?Advertising billboards have sprouted everywhere offering new per-second billing plans. Who wins who looses? Company Supporting Analysis Bharthi Airtel would stay and emerge as a igger MNC ?Having dominated the industry for the last half decade Airtel seems to have learnt the tricks of the trade and has become the market leader in a short span of time. ( see exhibit 4) ?H aving adapted innovation agenda Airtel has out sourced part core activities like IT to service providers like IBM, have gained the core focus on the product development, promotion and delivery. Company is also developed long term sustainability focus by building capability on Unified Services Delivery platform to leverage on the consolidation plans ?Looking for international route for further growth and expansion hich was evident from its move to acquire MTN, though this has resulted in a set back to do duel listing policy issues , Bharti Airtel will look forward to time its future moves and will be back in action when the legislation changes ?However due to a massive subscription and growth Airtel’s quality of service has taken a serious hit due to network congestion , this could be a major weakness and lead to increased churn rate ( See Exhibit 5) Reliance Likely to Stay ? Have achieved 2nd position in the Industry in a short span of time. ?With a huge capital base Reliance will surely be one of the 4 – 5 layers who would remain in the Industry Vodafone Likely to Stay and Grow ?One of its key competence is growth by acquisition and integration ?Being a global player with financial capability Vodafone may be a major beneficiary of any shakeouts that happen and consolidations that occur in the near future Tata CDMA and GSM to Stay ?The Tatas, already have an established presence in the market through Tata Indicom. ?For the Tata Docomo, the paisa per second plan appears to have worked. According to TRAI data, the number of telephone subscribers in India increased to 525. 65 million at the end of October, up from 509. 03 million in September. Tata DoCoMo grew 23. 16%, the highest for all operators. In absolute numbers, the Tatas added about four million subscribers against three million each for Vodafone and Bharti and two million for RCom. This is no flash in the pan; in July and August, the Tatas showed the fastest growth as well. BSNL ? Likely stay in the long term as a WireLine and Enterprise Service Provider with its cost leadership strategy. ?Unlikely to do well in the mobile space due to lack of Innovation , Flexibility , Organization Structure , Performance Management reasons. Idea Cellular ? Having adopted few of the strategies from Airtel , Idea has also jumped into Outsourcing, technology capability development. However it is highly unlikely to stay in the market without quickly developing its international plans Other New Entrants ? Uninor, controlled by Norwegian telecom company Telenor, is the 14th player to enter India's cellular market, where subscriber numbers are rising so fast that in October the country added a record 16. 67 million users. Through Innovative campaigns Uninor has gained quick access and a decent subscriber base, however its future plans are not clear and company will soon fail to emonstrate the uniqueness in value proposition and aggression that is required to stay in the market. ?But after soaring growth, industry revenues are flattening as rivals slug it out in a savage price battle ?Etisalat’s success in Emirates is mainly in the Enterprise Services Space. Their public sector management out look and style, Organization design and perf ormance ?Etisalat’s Islamic Origin may become a major weakness in succeeding in Indian Market Appendix Exhibit 1: Indian Telecom Industry Key Milestones Year Key Milestone 1975 Department of Telecom (DoT) was separated from P&T. DoT was responsible or telecom services in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. 1981 In a move towards liberalization , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi signed contracts with Alcatel CIT of France to merge with the state owned Telecom Company (ITI), in an effort to set up 5,000,000 lines per year. But soon the policy was let down because of political opposition. She invited Sam Pitroda a US based NRI to set up a Center for Development of Telematics(C-DOT), however the plan failed due to political reasons. During this period, after the ssassination of Indira Gandhi, under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi, many public sector organizations were set up like the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) , VSNL and MTNL. Many technological developments took place in this regime but still foreign players were not allowed to participate in the telecommunications business. 1990 Telecom sector was opened up by the Government for private investment as a part of Liberalisation-Privatization-Globalization policy. Therefore, it became necessary to separate the Government's policy wing from its operations wing 1994 The demand for telephones was ever increasing. It was during this period that he P. N Rao led government introduced the national telecommunications policy [NTP] in 1994 which brought changes in the following areas: ownership, service and regulation of telecommunications infrastructure. They were also successful in establishing joint ventures between state owned telecom companies and international players. But still complete ownership of facilities was restricted only to the government owned organizations. Foreign firms were eligible to 4 9% of the total stake. The multi-nationals were just involved in technology transfer, and not policy making. During this period, the World Bank and ITU had advised the Indian Government to liberalize long distance services in order to release the monopoly of the state owned DoT and VSNL; and to enable competition in the long distance carrier business which would help reduce tariff's and better the economy of the country. The Rao run government instead liberalized the local services, taking the opposite political parties into confidence and assuring foreign involvement in the long distance business after 5 years. The country was divided into 20 telecommunication circles for basic telephony and 18 circles for mobile services. These circles were divided into category A, B and C depending on the value of the revenue in each circle. The government threw open the bids to one private company per circle along with government owned DoT per circle. For cellular service two service providers were allowed per circle and a 15 years license was given to each provider. During all these improvements, the government did face oppositions from ITI, DoT, MTNL, VSNL and other labor unions, but they managed to keep away from all the hurdles. 1995 The government set up TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) which reduced the interference of Government in deciding tariffs and policy making. The DoT opposed this. The political powers changed in 1999 and the new government under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee was more pro-reforms and introduced better liberalization policies. They split DoT in two- one policy maker and the other service provider (DTS) which was later renamed as BSNL. The proposal of raising the stake of foreign investors from 49% to 74% was rejected by the opposite political party and leftist thinkers. Domestic business groups wanted the government to privatize VSNL. Finally in April 2002, the government decided to cut its stake of 53% to 26% in VSNL and to throw it open for sale to private enterprises. TATA finally took 25% stake in VSNL. This was a gateway to many foreign investors to get entry into the Indian Telecom Markets. After March 2000, the government became more liberal in making policies and issuing licenses to private operators. The government further reduced license fees for cellular service providers and increased the allowable stake to 74% for foreign companies. Because of all these factors, the service fees finally reduced and the call costs were cut greatly enabling every common middle class family in India to afford a cell phone. 1995 India has become one of the fastest-growing mobile markets in the world. The mobile services were commercially launched in August 1995 in India. In the initial 5–6 years the average monthly subscribers additions were around 0. 05 to 0. 1 million only and the total mobile subscribers base in December 2002 stood at 10. 5 millions. However, after the number of proactive initiatives taken by regulator and licensor, the monthly mobile subscriber additions increased to around 2 million per month in the year 2003-04 and 2004-05. 1999 The New Telecom Policy in 1999, the industry heralded several pro consumer initiatives. Mobile subscriber additions started picking up. The number of obile phones added throughout the country in 2003 was 16 million, followed by 22 million in 2004, 32 million in 2005 and 65 million in 2006. As of January 2009, total mobile phone subscribers numbered 362 million, having added 15 million that month alone. India ranks second in mobile phone usage to China, with 506 million users as of November 2009. 2000 The Government of India c orporatised the operations wing of DoT on 01 October 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). Many private operators, such as Reliance Communications, Tata Telecom, Vodafone, Loop Mobile, Airtel, Idea etc. successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market. 2005 The mobile tariffs in India have also become lowest in the world. A new mobile connection can be activated with a monthly commitment of US$0. 15 only. In 2005 alone 32 million handsets were sold in India. 2007 Going forward on its Globalization Strategy Vodafone Takes over Hutch in India for 11 Bil USD 2008 In March 2008 the total GSM and CDMA mobile subscriber base in the country was 375 million, which represented a nearly 50% growth when compared with previous year. Exhibit 2: India Telecommunication Industry – Facts and Figures Exhibit 3: Subscriber Base in Key States State Subscriber base Wireless density'† Maharashtra 58,789,949 51. 96 Uttar Pradesh 57,033,513 26. 32 Tamil Nadu 45,449,460 63. 66 Andhra Pradesh 37,126,048 42. 58 West Bengal 32,540,049 34. 28 Karnataka 28,867,734 46. 76 Rajasthan 27,742,395 39. 09 Gujarat 27,475,585 45. 49 Bihar 27,434,896 25. 04 Madhya Pradesh 24,923,739 33. 09 All India 471,726,205 37. 71 Exhibit 4: operator wise wireless subscriber base in India As of September 2009 Operator Subscriber base Bharti Airtel 110,511,416 Reliance Communications 86,117,663 Vodafone Essar 82,846,046 BSNL 58,756,598 Idea Cellular 51,454,402 Tata Teleservices 46,796,033 Aircel 25,728,633 MTNL 4,680,141 Loop Mobile 2,495,087 MTS India 1,960,532 HFCL Infotel 379,654 All India 471,726,205 Exhibit 5: Performance of QoS Parameters for Cellular Mobile Services List of References: 1. www. airtel. com 2. www. vodafone. com 3. Trai. gov. in 4. The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators : July – September 2009 5. www. bsnl. com 6. www. uninor. in 7. Indian telecom news. com 8. www. indian-cellular. com 9. www. wikipedia. com 10. The Economic Times 11. Harvard Business Review 12. Wharton Publications 13. Etisalat : IT Organization Restructuring Engagement Experiences – an IBM Case Study