Regression analysis project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

relapsing abridgment - Statistics Project ExampleThe scoop up model, therefore, uses c to represent c.vol, in the regression model, which now becomesThe computer code for this regression is found in the appendix A section, while the output is found in Appendix B section. The coefficient of logistic regression in this analysis for the c.vol is 0.80404, a highly positive coefficient, giving a probability (pr = 0.01539) that the patient will strain positive. The second variable that indicates a positive test is psa, with a coefficient of 0.00226 a low positive coefficient, with a probability of 0.03847. The rest of the variables have negative association with the test for the hypothesis (Long, 1997).This test estimates the cancer diagnosis for someone with 10 psa, 5 c.vol, 40g for weight, age 67, with 2.5 benign, with no creative vesicle invasion, and with 0.5 cm cap. The test is done through the same model and the results are found in Appendix C section. The coefficient of assoc iation is 1.46414, with a probability of 0.160296, hence the patient tests positive with prostate cancer.Where p is the probability that gender or treatment has a significant effect on blood atomic number 20 level, C is the coefficient of regression, and v is the most significant variable in determining the probability p. there is no outlier in this dataset.The necessary transformation in this regression process is the binomial transformation using mylogit function. The both variables gender and treatment are both significant in determining the results of the hypothesis test (Hosmer & Lemeshow, 2000). The best model, therefore, combines the two variables in the regression as followsThe code for this regression is found in the Appendix D section, while the output is found in Appendix E section. The coefficient of logistic regression in this analysis is 0.0206, a low positive coefficient, giving a probability (pr = 0.0247) that the Treatment significantly affects the

The Investment Decision Of Airbus And Boeing Essay

The Investment Decision Of Airbus And Boeing - Essay ExampleBoth Boeing and Airbus are being supported by the government of their respective countries and the financial aid given by the government has a major intent to play in making sure that these signs are able to meet the demands of the stakeholders. The case reveals how the Boeings 787 Dreamliner academic degree was set up and how things were before the Boeing introduced Dreamliner in the market. The reactions from the airline industry for previously launched planes by Airbus and Boeing sop up too been discussed and then the opportunities that 787 has, have been the main point of the study.This story basically has been divided into four sections. In the starting signal erupt of the report, important variables that could process the decision of Airbus and Boeing have been discussed in detail. In the second part of the report, the risks go to the highest degree by both these firms have been discussed and how the risks f aced by Airbus and Boeing are identified and analysed and then ensample has been use to know how firms should manage risk (McLaney, 2009). In the third part of the report, stakeholders of both Airbus and Boeing have been discussed and how these stakeholders could influence the firm have been described in detail. However, in the fourth section of the report, critical financial analysis about Boeing has been discussed as it introduces the Dreamliner in the market. In the end, conclusion of the report along with recommendations have been discussed. ... In the second part of the report, the risks faced by both these firms have been discussed and how the risks faced by Airbus and Boeing are identified and analysed and then model has been used to know how firms should manage risk (McLaney, 2009). In the third part of the report, stakeholders of both Airbus and Boeing have been discussed and how these stakeholders could influence the firm have been described in detail. However, in the fo urth section of the report, critical financial analysis about Boeing has been discussed as it introduces the Dreamliner in the market. In the end, conclusion of the report along with recommendations have been discussed. Introduction The report is about Airbus and Boeing and it is primarily based on a case when Boeing introduced its Dreamliner. The case discusses the background and how things shaped up that lead towards a provoke efficient aircraft, 787 Dreamliner. The report discusses how the management feels and what variables they considered when they were preparing the feasibility of introducing a new fuel efficient plane as well as variables that influenced their decision to not go for a large sized aircraft, 747. The second section of the report discusses about the risks that the company faces and how Airbus and Boeing need to manage their risk correctly in order to have consistent profits in the long run. The importance of managing and identifying risks has been described i n this section. The third section of the report discusses important stakeholders of both the aircraft manufacturing firms Boeing and Airbus and analyses how they could impact the firms operations. Also stakeholders have been prioritised using a theoretical framework to identify the level of their impact and their power to influence

In relation to E -Business Maturity and E- Modles select three Assignment

In relation to E -Business matureness and E- Modles select three organisation - Assignment warningDifferent online firms exhibit different levels of E-Business maturity depending on the standards of their applications and services (Fox, 2001, p.231). A clear comprehension of E-Business simulates usher out be employed appropriately to maximize future benefits. The objective of this paper is to discuss levels of E- championship maturity in relation to three different organisations. E-Business Maturity As various enterprises go through different phases of e-business maturity, they copse same challenges while incorporating this technology in their business operations. They need to validate with their competitors and equals to be able to fit in forward in the right direction (Bak & Stair, 2011, p. 186). Due to the fact that all businesses experience similar predicaments in this endeavor, their development steps drop be portrayed as phases of maturity. The fundamental concept of stud y present is that all these businesses go through same phases of maturity with regards to the approaches they utilize and how they manage to sustain and drive business objective and processes (Garrett, 2006, p.10). The E-Business maturity model go aways a platform chthonic which one can establish w here(predicate) a business is positioned and pin-points high-priority advancement areas that ought to be addressed to enhance current maturity phase. The model elucidates the steps that ought to be taken to move a notch higher to an upper stage (Gosselin, 2009, p.86). The primary fact here is that improved E-Business maturity is directly connected to better outcomes with regards to a businesss capacity to of necessity implement E-Business programmes and processes. Improved maturity is likely to translate to maximised financial benefits from investments (Gangopadhyay, 2002, p.202). A noteworthy point is that this model describes the approaches and levels of E-Business strategy developme nt. However, it is not designed to offer insights in the soundness of the chosen strategy. This kind of information can only be acquired by examining external factors, such as the environment, and organisational ones such as goods and services, clients and relevant politics (Weill & Vitale, 2001, p.11). The five levels of the E-Consciousness Rising Model developed by the Price Waterhouse provide an elaborate platform under which maturity levels of different E- Businesses can be assessed. Masala Wok is a multinational food chain store that has several(prenominal) branches in different parts of the world. The food chain store serves Indo-Chinese cuisine. Going by the E-Consciousness Rising Maturity Model designed by the Price Waterhouse, the companys electronic business website falls at the first stage. This is the Online Presence phase that groups organisations that have implemented static information to their online schemes. There is minimal fundamental interaction other than info rmation about the company, delicacies and services offered, and picture gallery. The website is designed to market the services offered by Masala Wok and provide directions on how to access their restaurants. The company does not engage in online retail and home delivery services. For this reason, the website system is quite basic and has no complex components interconnecting clients to suppliers and brokers. Ablecan is a visa agency firm that is well hardened at the heart of London. The companys area of specialty is acquiring business and tourist visa on behalf of United Kingdom residents willing to

An overview of Under Armor and how they are challenging nike in sports Essay

An overview of low Armor and how they are challenging nike in sports apparel - Essay ExampleThe fellowships wide range of products is being used by many reputed consumers and other people of the human being as well. Apart from all these, there also exist numerous competitors of downstairs Armour in the world. Among them, Nike is one of the major competitors of the company as both of them operate their blood line in the world of sports injury (Thomas Reuters, 2014). To analyse the competition between these two huge brands, this study will consist of the overview about Under Armour and the ways they are competing with its competitors. A complete study of the background of the company along with its vision, business culture and expansion strategies will be taken into due consideration. This information will help to witness the competitive advantage of the company in the local as well as the global market.Since 1996, Under Armour has been running its business successfully in the f ield of sports shoes and other required accessories for sports. In the present scenario, the company is operating its business in major parts of the world such as North America, the Middle East, Latin America, Europe and Asia. The intellect of business of sports brand came from a simple idea developed by the 23 year old former captain of the University of Maryland i.e. Kevin plump outs special team. During playing days of Kevin Plank, he hated to wear the sweat soaked cotton island of Jersey again and again, especially in the hot warmers days. In order to get rid of this problem, he train out an idea of manufacturing such T-shirt, which can be suitable for the players to wear even in the hotter days. Plank named the company of sports brand as Under Armour. For the first time in the world of sports, a vernal design of T-shirt named as 0037 came into existence. This t-shirt was designed in such a manner that it comprised of wet soaking fibres, which help the players to keep them cool and dry even in the hotter conditions. At the initial stages of the study of such

Marilyn Levine Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marilyn Levine - Term Paper congressmanThe shadows play an important role in transforming her art into something real. The scale of Levines P.H.V. Strap is quite smallish with a physical dimension of 5.1 x 21.6 x 10.2 cm. And how the ceramic strap is folded impressed me very much. fold the ceramic strap facilitates Lavines art to look as if it is a true waist belt.I choose artist Marilyn Levine because of her choice of objects for her art work. Lavine heavily employs objects or imagery that have human utility program bags, shoes, jackets are vivid examples of things that have human use. Through Levines work, ordinary objects seen in everyday spirit appear to have an aesthetic value. The play of illusion in Levines ceramic art genuinely evokes or appeals to my mind. The technique utilized in her work questions my very perception of the world. Though ordinary things, they calculate not to be ordinary when viewed in Lavines wok of art. In the process, I quite enjoyed appreciating her work. To evaluate Levines P.H.V. Strap requires the consideration of the artists technique and the art itself. The texture, tone, and play of the shadows are examples of evaluating her

Biocidal Hand Products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Biocidal Hand Products - Essay ExampleThe round of infirmarys using urineless intoxicant excrete sanitizer has doubled since 2001. These findings apply to nurses stifleing hands during routine patient of-care activities on the general patient floor as well as to pre-op surgical preparation and post-op hand washing in the hospital operating recovery room. Hand hygiene is widely acknowledged as the single most essential activity for reducing the spread of disease. (Boyce J M, Pittet D 2002) Hand washing is a simple garments that overlooks minimal training and no special equipment and is one of the best ways to avoid getting sick. contempt the proven health, benefits of hand washing many people do not practice this habit as often. Infectious diseases commonly spread through hand-to-hand contact as the common cold, flu and several(prenominal) gastrointestinal disorders such(prenominal) as infectious diarrhoea. (A A P, 2003)Inadequate hand hygiene also contributes to food-relat ed illnesses such as Salmonella and E.Coli infection. Hand washing is considered the most final resultive way of reducing cross infection and the number one way to prevent disease. (Boyce J M, 2001).Earlier people washed their hands with water, sand, animal products, sanitary wipes, bar, liquid, turn and foam soaps.The waterless hand sanitizer gels and sprays is the most recent development in hand washing products. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers that do not require water are an excellent alternative to hand washing curiously when soap and water are not available. (Kelliher S, Vallande N, 2000) They are actually more effective than soap and water in killing bacteria and viruses that cause disease. in that respect is decreased skin irritation and dryness. (Kampf G, et al 2005) The quick ingredient in these sanitizers is alcohol.1.1 There are two different products for hand hygiene 1.1.1 Antiseptic wash lotions rinse-off products 1.1.2 Alcohol based liquids leave-on products used f or hand disinfection.The European requirement for medicated soaps in bacterial suspension testing, require a reduction of at to the lowest degree 3 log 10 steps against the test bacteria. alcoholic hand disinfectants are required to reduce the count of test bacteria by a nominal of 5 log 10 steps within the same application time. The safety margin for the drug user is 100-fold higher with alcohol-based rub-in products. 1.2 Alcoholic hand wash gels are transparent, uniform, easily deformed dispersed systems consisting of at least two components. One is a fluid acting as a dispersing agent and the other a structure-giving component, a solid colloidal material. This stabilizes the fluid part by forming a three dimensional network. There are many types of gels1.2.1 Hydro gels consist of fluid and water. 1.2.2 Alcohol gels consist of fluid and alcohol. 1.2.3 Lipogels fluid and liquid fats e.g. Paraffin. 1.2.4 bed wetter gels fluid and water or surfactant mixture. Hydro gels and Alcoh ol gels have a distinct cooling effect mainly due to the evaporation of the water or alcohol. The structure-giving component is organic or inorganic, hydrophilic or lipophilic, synthetic or natural. Polyacrylic acid that has a marked penetration effect is used in alcohol gels. 1.3 Antiseptics and disinfectants are extensively used in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of local and hard-surface applications. A wide variety of active chemical agents called

MARKETING AND MARKETING STRATEGY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MARKETING AND MARKETING STRATEGY - Assignment ExampleA stimulated client decides how much culture (if any) is needed. If the need is very high and there is a product or function that satisfies the need at hand, the buying decision is most likely to be made immediately. If not, information seek process begins. A person may seek information from personal sources i.e. from friends, and family members, neighbors or from commercial sources i.e. from salespeople, advertising, point-of-sale displays retailers and dealers. The importance and influence of the collected information vary from one product to another and by customer.This is followed by the evaluation decimal point where the consumer chooses between alternative brands, products and services. In the case where a product is high involving, the customer carries out thorough evaluation. after(prenominal) extensive evaluation, the customer makes a purchase decision basing on the self-collected information (Schultz, 2006). This is followed by post-purchase decision (cognitive dissonance) which is the final stage of the decision-making process. This is mostly common in consumers who express a lot of concern after making a buying decision. After buying a product, the customer may feel that the alternative product could have been a better. In such instances, the consumer will not purchase immediately but is most likely to switch to another brand next time. equivalent the high involving purchases, the buying process begins with problem recognition. At this stage, a buyer perceives a need or a problem or reacts to a marketing stimulus. A person may seek information from limited sources unlike in high involvement where various sources are considered.This is followed by the evaluation stage where the consumer chooses between alternative brands, products and services. In the case since the product is low involving, the customer carries out simple evaluation. After the evaluation, the customer makes a purchase deci sion basing on

Water Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

piddle - Research newsprint Exampleof local divide administration on the quality and quantity of pissing resource to enjoyment of climate change in participation step forwardline on local and international scale (Mays & Larry, 49)Water is considered as an essential commodity in our day to day life. Water is normally found as ground weewee or even dig up weewee (Moran, Edward & Devin, 19). In this paper I give examine more on ground urine. I will also examine factors leading to shortages of water and ways to curb such incidences (Reston & Va, 206).In any given nation ground water comes out as really an essential component. Today, ground water resources, supply water to the surface and surface water sources. Ground water in its highest percentage of about 25% is usually stored as fresh water while only about 1% of the total fresh water is stored as surface water in rivers, dams, lakes and soil moisture (Moran, Edward & Devin, 29). The remaining percentage of fresh water abou t 74% is usually stored as polar ice and glaciers (Mays & Larry, 48). The fact that ground water is not stored means that this resource is usually not taken into consideration most of the time or even misunderstood. Its presence was appreciated aft(prenominal) a research on ground water movement secret and occult was carried out by Ohio courts (Mays & Larry, 78)This resource is very important to public health, the ecology and more so to the economy at large. very much about 75% of the societys water system depends on ground water. In addition, country areas and metropolitan regions in the United States highly depend on the ground water system in all their operations and day to day activities (Moran, Edward & Devin, 48). It is through the availability of ground water that we have the surface water due to the fact that ground water supplies the rivers, streams, dams and lakes during drought seasons or even low flows (Reston & Va, 218). The clownish sector cannot be left behind too as it plays a very significant use of goods and services in its use

Examine the leadership styles of lewin (1951)white lippit(1960)and Essay

Examine the leading styles of lewin (1951)white lippit(1960)and consider how it applies to your current or past work place.us - Essay ExampleAccording to them, leaders acted in three main ways, laissez faire, democratic and autocratic leaders style. Autocratic leaders dictated terms and mint had to obey them blindly. Democratic leaders discussed all probabilities and also made followers to take their own decisions. Laissez faire is the entire opposite to autocratic leadership style. They completely parted with all responsibilities to the followers. The experiments conducted by Lewin on planned motley and styles of leadership spurred the launch of group dynamics research and change programs implementation (Burnes 2004). Relevance of Lewin, White and Lippits leadership styles in todays healthcare plaques Nursing is basically a people oriented profession and hence there is considerably focus on humanity and this is one of the basic factors influencing nursing leadership. In ni ghtspot to deal with daily work r push throughines and situations, nursing managers need to make the intimately phthisis of situational leadership. For this, the manager must be aware of the leadership styles employed, task and the processes and systems followed in the healthcare organization. Nursing managers who prat successfully combine the above mentioned attributes attain maximum success in handling challenging situations (Sellgren, Ekvall & Tomson 2006). However, the tralatitious leadership styles experimented on a group of children by Lewin, Lippitt and White may not be the most popular leadership style adapted by nurse managers. In fact, on the basis of these behavioural forced leadership styles, the transformational leadership was subsequently developed and is still considered one of the most popular leadership style adapted by nurse managers. Transformational leadership styles take on all the aspects of democratic, autocratic and laissez faire styles and nurse it dep ending on the situation warranted. Hence, in todays changing healthcare organizations, nurse managers have to apply all the three leadership styles proposed by White, Lippitt and Lewin depending on the situation (Molero et al. 2007). Changes made in the organizational grammatical construction also affect the leadership style to be adapted by nurse managers. Also the respective(a) phases of development which an organization goes through, warrants diverse management efforts and the leadership style should be in compliance with the peculiar(prenominal) stage through which the organization runs through. The current changes in the environment affecting the culture in the organization also spurs nurse managers to create a specific leadership style of their own in order to grapple tasks efficiently (Lindholm, Sivberg & Uden 2000). Hence, most nurse managers employ all three styles of democratic, laissez faire and authoritative depending on the situation. The leadership style adapted by nursing managers depends on the climate of the group. The manager needs to find out whether the needs of the group are meted out and whether the group is so formed in order to handle group goals. In this case, the nurse leader needs to first make a retrospect of his or her behavioural traits. Accordingly, the current situation in the organizati

Integrity Approach in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Integrity Approach in stock - Essay Exampleowed and practiced, expectations that exist when the task is being carried out, and outcomes that the actions will bring (Martin, Vaught, Solomon, 2010).In the field of morality is about the honesty that you practice. If we consider the concept if integrity in the domain of assembly line world. Integrity would mingy being truthful and being honest. When a person is trading an object, it is his integrity that he will disclose, the benefits and as well as the flaws that exist in the product instead of marketing the positive sides of the products only. Integrity is the foeman concept of hypocrisy. It is about a person being honest and remaining constant with the actions that ar ethical and that ar expected of him. It is true that a person will lose the confidence that another(prenominal)s have in him if he lies or double crosses, similarly in case of affaires, to maintain integrity it is important that business should always deliver t he promise that they are making to the customers, it is also essential that the business follows all the rules and laws that are laid down by the government. There are repercussions if they are not followed and this usually costs the business more than the cost that the company had to pay to deliver the promise that they have actually made. It is also necessary that the business should only make claims that are deliverable for them (Ciulla, Martin, Solomon, 2007).Today with increased globalization the roles of corporations has changed drastically, today the companies are the ones that are many times majorly dictating the terms and the rules of the trade and the economies of the place. The role of governments as reduced dramatically and drastically as increased globalization has caused the world to become quite enmeshed in each other and therefore, the rules are set by organizations as international trade also increased dramatically. Corporate administration is one method through wh ich the organizations are able to know how they should behave with each

Labour Law in Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labour Law in Canada - Research subject ExampleAdditionally, the wrangles and inadequacies that the firm experiences, especially communication, might have emanated from the absence of proper training. Therefore, the employer and the executive ought to institute satisfactory policies, which would impart adequate knowledge to the staff. This is via shunning utilization of its own staff to train fellow peers careless(predicate) of the post that they hold. Since, these members of staff also require training due to their evidenced misconduct while relations with their peers, for illustration, Williams. Prior to any outcomes, the firm via its executive ought to have prepared notices meant to inform the staffs regarding the core reasons that prompted their intended discontinuations (Karabegovic 2011). This would be according to the dates stipulated by labour laws, which stipulates when one started working and the duration or alternatively using termination pay option. What are the crit ical issues to be decided by the board? Employees mode of termination was derisory coupled with rudeness especially by the executives. For example, Williams who rather than sending notices to the staffs or summoning them before utilised the telephone in executing the advocated termination by the employer. The company did not even bother to accost the workers regarding reasons, which prompted their terminations. In addition, the issue of meagre wages did demoralize the workers (Karabegovic 2011). Consequently, the employer should improve the staffs both corporal and invisible environment, which will enhance their morale and productivity. These encompass the Store 58s floor and terminate of the evident wrangles amid the... What are the critical issues to be decided by the board?Employees mode of termination was suffering coupled with rudeness especially by the executives. For example, Williams who rather than sending notices to the staffs or summoning them before utilised the tel ephone in executing the advocated termination by the employer. The company did not even bother to manner of speaking the workers regarding reasons, which prompted their terminations. In addition, the issue of meagre wages did demoralize the workers (Karabegovi 2011). Consequently, the employer should improve the staffs both physical and invisible environment, which will enhance their morale and productivity. These encompass the Store 58s floor and answer of the evident wrangles amid the staffs. Which party bears the burden of test copy and why?In this situation, the employer via the managerial body bears the burden of proof due to their witnessed misconduct. This is especially the manner in which the executive contacted terminations coupled with their rude remarks especially towards the employees (Karabegovi 2011).

TAKING BUSINESS ABROAD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

winning BUSINESS ABROAD - Essay ExampleIn the year 1991 Shopko got enlisted in New York Stock qualify under the symbol SKO. Shopko Inc was purchased by Sun Capital Partners Inc in December 2005, a leading enthronization firm who focuses on leveraged buyouts, equity, debt, and other investment in the leading companies. Before that in the year 1999, a regional discount chain called Pamida was purchased by Shopko. Pamida was a part of Shopko till the year 2007 as a separate atom, but later got separated as an individual company. Now the company has its stores in 13 different states which include Northern California, Idaho, Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Montana, Michigans Upper Peninsula, Nebraska, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Wisconsin and Washington. In 2001, Shopko closedown hardly a(prenominal) of its multidepartment stores which where situated in mid sized communities. The present guideword of the Shopko is My lifemy stylemy store and the slogan of Shopko Express pharmacy is Every day. On the way.Another division of Shopko is Shopko expresses which is a chain of pharmacies. This division offers limited general goods like merchandise, groceries, beer, liquor, health supplies and other medicines through out the country.Shopko in its 1306 stores sells brand merchandise, not bad(p) values, pharmacy and optical operate and in the 6 Shopko Express Rx stores, company offers high quality merchandise, services and values for customers house hold need along with family basics, casual apparel and seasonal products. They pays especial idiom on the retail health sector. Company pay good amount of care toward stores cleanliness and interior decoration along with space and light. Thus creates friendly atmosphere in the shops. In the retail stores, list of brands is undying like Nike, Adidas, Reebok, Kitchen Aid, Fisher-Price & Sony any many others (Shopko, n.d.).Recently the Shopko

Estimate Request and Fact Sheet Form Coursework

Estimate postulation and Fact Sheet Form - Coursework ExampleShe is the founder of Global Market Millionaires, a capital ventures hard that invests in ideas of people and assists them in funding. She has served as a columnist in the New York Times with articles concentrate on financial planning and investment. She holds a doctoral degree in Financial Management from Harvard University.A number of phonograph records exist in the market that incubatees financial management. Authors such as Robert Kiyosaki have produced many books interchange in the market that address financial management issues. The books in the market handle the topic from a storyline perspective. This book however, approaches it from an educational perspective blending in financial principles and other investor options that are applicable. The book aims at using the financial knowledge and experience of the author in the generation of sound and alone(predicate) ideas that may propel the reader to an endless c limb up the financial ladderReaders can be able to request for review copies of the book and the specified authors information obtained from the individual imprints. fire parties are urged to send emails to the appropriated addresses stated below. Unfortunately, emails cannot be forward to the book author nor can the authors postal or email address be revealed. However, those interested can contact Random domicil Publishers authors and editors through letter or email. Random House Publishers will handle all the queries via their email address at publishersrandomhouse.comThese trim sizes are standard sizes adopted by all printers. The trim size chosen allows for the enrollment of expanded distribution at amazon.com and other e-stores. It will be eligible for bookstores and other online retailers in the expanded distribution channel. This size also gives an allowance of .125 inches that is beyond the final trim size from top, butt and outer edges for accommodation of the full blee d area.Coloured diagrammatic

Death penalty and its affects on the economy Research Paper

Death penalty and its affects on the economy - Research writing ExampleThe question arises if the demolition penalty is worth-applying if its efficiency is so doubtful and, moreover, it is considered to be unethical. It is essential to commemorate over the issue as the government of several deposits still spends much budget facilities on the non well-grounded and unreasonable killing. We should non forget that in some cases capital penalty is applied to impeccant people. This fact again reminds that capital punishment is unethical and ungrounded. The given paper will try to effect this question and define how much last penalty costs our government and if it would be more quick of scent to direct this finances on the programs, which are proved to be efficient in crime barroom (Gaie, 2004). The analysis of the current state of the United States police brings upsetting results. The facts testify that in the current conditions of crisis the state is forced to fire many police men, to release prisoners before the appointed time. And if to add the overfull courts, we will provoke the full picture of the current situation the crime is rising rapidly. The state of criminal justice schema was shaken due to the economic crisis the country is currently going through. The recession influenced every state other than in Georgia the state had to fire around 1000 of police employees and in New jersey 500 policemen remained without job. In Texas rearrests are frequent as prisoners cant be kept for long. In Florida more than 3000 prisoners were released before the appointed time. Some of these states, and they are Texas, Florida and Georgia, spend too much money on death penalty without any positive result. Over two-thirds of the states and the federal government sacrifice installed an exorbitantly overpriced system of capital punishment which has been a failure by any measure of strong suit. Literally hundreds of millions of dollars have already been spent on a response to crime which is calculated to be carried out on a few people each year and which has done nothing to stem the rise in violent crime (Dieter). It is obvious that the heights and ungrounded cost of death penalty makes the United States of America little safe as the financial facilities spent on death penalty are taken from the programs, the effectiveness of which are proved. For instance, in California the government does not have enough facilities to organize appropriate and undeniable policing, while it still spends much money on death penalty. Texas that is famous for the quantity of capital punishment cases, spend more than $2 million per case It is no need to say that Texas is famous not only for the high number of death penalty cases, but also for its high murder rate. The death penalty is escaping the decisive cost-benefit analysis to which every other program is being put in propagation of austerity. Rather than being posed as a single, but costly, alternative in a spectrum of approaches to crime, the death penalty operates at the extremes of political rhetoric. Candidates use the death penalty as a facile resolving power to crime which allows them to distinguish themselves by the toughness of their position rather than its effectiveness (Dieter). The capital punishment appears to be much more expensive that life imprisonment. First of all, the expenses on capital trials are very high as well as all the pre-trial procedures like professional witness research and the selection of control panel cost much.

Voluntary assumption of liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Voluntary confidence of financial obligation - Essay ExampleNonetheless, such acts fail the incline legal systems rendering of what constitutes justice, fairness and equity, in considers. Edwards, Edwards, and Wells (2011) argued that an diligence of a genuine assumption of liability as the laying claim upon which extra- poseual risks are based can repair the damage resulting from the injustice. Sykes (2012) pointed out that this effectively circumvents the legal challenges arising from the wider interpretation of a grooming contract.The second legal hurdle relates to the fairly wide confines within which a binding contract falls (Gruidl, 2008). In Tort, however, Best and Barnes (2007) averred that numerous limitations face the English judicial system. For instance, time constraints in the acquisition of claims, narrowly explained vicarious liability, and the amount of damages may hinder the handling of claims in a fair manner, especially claims stemming from direct busines s between two discoveries in cases where a binding contract cannot be implied. In such situations, the generous provisions guiding the establishment of contracts do not take in (Horrigan, 2012).Lastly, a party may use the idea of assumption of liability to claim liability for issues that were part of a contract (Sykes, 2012). In fact, the doctrine of assumption of responsibility was introduced into English law to go down extra-contractual liability arising from non-intentional injury other than physical injury to any individual party. These include psychological injury, scotch damages and nervous shock.... Lastly, a party may use the idea of assumption of liability to claim liability for issues that were part of a contract (Sykes, 2012). In fact, the doctrine of assumption of responsibility was introduced into English law to settle extra-contractual liability arising from non-intentional injury other than physical injury to any individual party. These include psychological injur y, economic damages and nervous shock (Edwards, Edwards, and Wells, 2011 Horrigan, 2012). Difficulty in compensation Best and Barnes (2007) suggested that these kinds of injury are rocky to remedy. In effect, the defendant and the wider society would find it hard to withstand the losses. But, the researchers added that a blanket refusal of liability is unacceptable. Therefore, English law was created to provide grounds for a new platform for the application of logical, narrow responsibility in tort, for such damages. Harpwood (2008) contend that such provisions of English law seek means of narrowing the application of responsibility in negligence which, hitherto would only be proved by foreseeable injury. In English legal system the concept of assumption of liability is today clearly employed one after another within the province the Duty of Care in Negligence (Horrigan, 2012). Additionally, the idea is slowly being alter by the three-fold-test under the Duty of Care, and the slo w evolution of the key facets of the common law, which focus on expanding liability. Rights of ternary Parties Act 1999 Gruidl (2008) noted the significance of the Rights of Third Parties Act 1999, which expanded the infamous narrow understanding of contract and the liabilities that may arise thereof under English law. The new legislation repealed the

Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Essay

Employee Privacy Rights in the oeuvre - Essay ExampleThe employees, caught in the middle, depend on references to find gainful employment, but may hazard their eligibility if a reference portrays them in a negative light. The wider community (consumers, families, friends and acquaintances of employers and employees) may be equ eithery bear on when full disclosure does, and does not, occur.It is contended in this paper that it is vital that regularized national laws should be developed to hold dear past and future employers, the employees themselves, as well as the communities they work within. Firstly, the growing trend of litigation against source employers will be presented. Secondly, the laws across the states will be outlined in regards to former employers disclosure of ex-employee breeding. Thirdly, reasons to standardize the laws will be provided. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points of the paper, and provide support for the adoption of a standardized n ational employment and labor policy in regards to termination disclosure.It is becoming more normal for employees to ask their former employers for a written reason for their termination of employment, as well as a copy of their personnel record (Boisvert, 1999). It has been suggested that for previous employers, such a request is a cause for concern, as it is often a clear indication of discontent on behalf of the employee, and likely that the employee has consulted with a lawyer and is considering a lawsuit. As such, it is recommended to employers to assume they may be as risk of existence sued, and to seek advice from their attorney at once (Boisvert, 1999). When an employer terminates an employee they must be aware of the risk of being presented with a lawsuit, and have risk way policies in place to minimize such an event from occurring. The process of providing a reference for the employee will play a large part in determining if the employee can make a legal claim (Boisver t, 1999). For this reason, in that respect has been an increasing tendency for employers not to provide comprehensive details of a former employees work practices. some(prenominal) employers are heeding their lawyers advice to tailor references to provide a neutral profile of the employee. In general, this involves confirming the employees position, dates of employment and recompense (Boisvert, 1999).There are numerous areas of potential liability for the former employer when providing a reference (Lovett & Potter, 2004). Most notably, is the risk of being sued for defamation or invasion of privacy. There is also the risk of liability for retaliation, such as when management takes revenge on an employee for a past non-compliance within the organization. Another liability risk is that of compelled self-publication which occurs when an employee must recall what they perceive to be false allegations as their reason from termination, so that the future employer does not hear it sen d-off from a previous employer (Lovett & Potter, 2004). In general, employers should implement policy for the response to requests of a written reference, or for requests of information from future employers (Boisvert, 1999). It is recommended that such a policy prohibit employees from disseminating information about their co-workers, and that the policy direct all inquiries for information

Social Policy Essay Example for Free

Social Policy Essay stage an understanding of the historical and ideological developments of UK hearty policy, identifying the underpinning principles and values.Social policy is defined as actions submited at promoting social well being (Alcock). It is not just nearly state legislation but also about(predicate) what the government does to support and interfere with the well being of citizens. Policies can be regarded as embodying ideas about society, the sparing and views about justice, equality and individual responsibility (Alcock). Social policy as a whole looks at the rules and procedures made by the government to keep the publics best interests at heart. The social policy that is being cerebrate on is Healthcare. In the early 1940s a report was written by a valet de chambre cal lead William Beveridge, highlighting problems in society. Ever since then, this social policy has been subject to changes and reforms made by each semipolitical party in their time of chipni ng. Healthcare as a whole has a huge meet on its serving users as well as its service workers and I believe it to be sensation of the most important social policies.In 1942, Beveridge published a report recommending ways that the government could change post war Britain. He stated that they should begin by tackling the 5 Giant Evils Want, Squalor, Disease (Health), Ignorance and Idleness. This led to many social reforms and in 1945 when the labour party was elected into power, Clement Atlee was made priminister. This proved to be beneficial for the country and resulted in over 200 acts being passed from 1945 to 1948. One of the acts passed was the National Health good act passed by the minister for health Aneurin Bevan. He wanted to make sure that each citizen could access the best medical care when they needed it and for it to be free at the point of use. The aim of the NHS was to reduce ill-health and promote good health in all citizens. Between high infant deathrate rates and general poor health of the public he knew actions had to be taken.Before the NHS, the 2,700 hospitals were either run by charities or local authorities with only those in employment entitled to free treatment. (http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7405526.stm). Prior to the actual start of the NHS, many of the working doctors shared a unprogressive and neoliberalideology about this new act. They believe that a government run health service would take away the individuality of their profession and make them puppets of the state. The conservative party shared these views as well as the British Medical Association, who started a survey voting against the NHS.Conservative politicians had a really right wing approach to things, believing in social hierarchy and believed social inequality to be inevitable. The labour party adopted a collectivist way of thinking. They focused more on those who were disadvantaged and devised ways to improve it which resulted in the introduction of the NH S in 1948. On the 5th July 1948 the NHS was introduced and resulted in free health care for UK citizens. In addition it created a mass amount of jobs in the healthcare sector. The Election of Clement Atlee in 1945 proved to be beneficial and resulted in over 200 acts being passed from 1945 to 1948 as well as the NHS act.In 1979 Margaret Thatcher led the conservative party into power. The conservative party shared right wing, neoliberal ideas about the way things were being run. As an individualistic ideology neo liberalism was very much pro merchandise and against public provision and involvement of the state. Thatcher and the conservatives believed that collectivism and free welfare services encouraged lazy slew to become dependant on the government.

Successful Factors of Malmaison Hotel Chain Essay Example for Free

Successful Factors of Malmaison Hotel Chain EssayI had sprained in Malmaison hotel compass for 2 years in various departments taking up different roles, and over the two years, Malmaison hotel stove as an brass section has demonstrated potential future market hotshoter quality and showed excellent growth rate, good profitableness and increased market shargon. However, the hospitality industry as a whole, over the past a few years has been far from as optimistic as the Malmaison hotel stove has been. In the West Midlands, for example, it has been common for shuns, restaurants, hotels to changed decl atomic number 18ership, merged, be acquired, or go go bad. Indeed, bars and restaurants ar three eons to a greater extent likely to go bankrupt than other line of descentes in the UK, according to Accountants UHY Hacker Young (2007), Their report revealed that 15. 5% of businesses in the UK hospitality and provide sector (restaurants, pubs, and hotels) fail every year in comparison with just 5. 2 % for the economy as a whole. UHY Hacker Young (2007) had investigated over 150,000 businesses that had failed in the past one year, and found out a lot of anecdotal warnings about the uplifted ruin rate of restaurants in the first year to be true.In the hospitality industry the owners and managers were struggling with raising second round financing market look for and monetary planning were not completed in a proper fashion loyal customer foot that protects against fast changing consumer tastes in bars and restaurants was not developed entirely, all(a) of these have contributed to the high sorrow rate in the UK hospitality industry businesses. In such an economic and market environment, why Malmaison hotel chain has been a success becomes an interesting subject to lickplace.Malmaison hotel chain was founded in 1994 along with its sister hotel chain Hotel du vin which is alike owned by the same company MWB, there be 21 chain hotels that ar u nder(a) the same ownership and there are 3 more hotels which are just opened by the blockade the 2007 and a further 4 more Malmaison hotels are due to open by the end of 2008. The company is besides in negotiation for another 7 sites. Malmaison hotel chain is recognised as the UKs lead lifestyle hotel group that is top of the brands in a recent survey.According to Caterer Hotelkeeper (2008), the survey of 2000 business and leisure travellers by BDRC, revealed that 53% of all travellers said they preferred to go to Malmaison as their first choice, 46% chose Hilton and 40% chose Marriott. Malmaison has over 1,500 bedrooms across the UK. The gross value of these hotel property assets in the Groups latest published accounts to thirtieth June 2007 was ? 553 million, not to mention the reputation which has gained the group a valuable brand image that worth millions. over the years the group has won a number of awards, such as best hotel groups in the UK, also it won the best place to work for in the hospitality industry 5 years in a row. It is believed that a key reason for Malmaison hotel chains success lies in its efficient and developed human resource management system, productivity and execution of instrument measurement and monitoring system, market inquiry group work, strategic management, adaptability to changes and its fiscal control. These lead be investigated and discussed in detail later in the research. . 0 labour The aim of this research project is to explore what has Malmaison hotel chain done to accomplish such a success while operating in the current UK economic and market environment. 3. 0Project Objectives ?To review the current t distributivelying and practice regarding human resource management, marketing management, financial management, and operational management in relation to the hospitality industry. ?To fail the management fashion and operation processes of Malmaison and their impact on the carrying into action and productivity of Malmaison. To make recommendations to the management team of Malmaison Hotel Chain to increase the efficiency, strong suit and the performance of the boldness. 4. 0 Literature Review 4. 1 Introduction in that respect are obviously a large number of factors, ultimately all contributing to the success of Malmaison, however, in this research, a limited range of key issues allow for be addressed which are believed to be the virtually significant contributing factors behind for Malmaisons success.The writings review research was supported by electronic resources and library research. There has not been much work been done on the reasons for the success or failure of the UK hospitality industry, and there is even far less attention being paid to hotels. Both strategic marketing management and human resource management are broad concepts, it is therefore, necessary to centering upon a few critical issues in spite of appearance these subjects that have particularly been focused upon in the operation and management of the Malmaison group. 4. 2 Job SatisfactionJob rejoicing is a critical factor that contributes to better performance, Professor Stephen Robbins study shows that happy workers are more likely to be productive workers. As a result, the correlation mingled with antic triumph and business judicature performance is also rather strong (Robbins, 2007). However, George and Jones (2008, p93) pointed out job satisfaction is not meaningfully associated with job performance. A study that was aired by Iaffaldano and Muchinsky (1985) in the 1980s in this airfield concluded that job satisfaction only accounted for 2 percent of the difference in performance levels across employees.Another more recent review indicated a very similar result that job satisfaction only accounted for 3 percent of the difference in performance level across employees. (Judge, Thoresen, et al. , 2001) George and Jones (2008) also mentioned that work attitudes such as job satis faction affect work behaviours only when employees are let off to vary their behaviours. The study suggested that most of the employees are not free to vary their behaviours at work because organizations guide a examineable amount of clock time and effort to ensure that members perform their assigned duties dependably disregardless of whether they like their jobs or not.However, it is worth mentioning that the hospitality industry might be an exception to this rule hardly because the work attitudes of the employees account for a very heavy portion of the level of the serve up in delivering satisfaction to customers needs. It will, therefore be worth carrying out further research to study the correlation between job satisfaction and job performance in this particular industry. 4. 3 Motivation, Job Design and Goal aspectWagner Hollenbeck (2005) suggested that one way for an organization to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals is to generate a more motivated workforce, a person who is highly motivated will start work sooner and leave work later relative to someone is unmotivated. While engaged at work, a highly motivated person will work faster, take fewer breaks, and be less intimately distracted relative to someone who is unmotivated. Job design and goal setting are two of the major factors contributing towards creating motivation, George and Joness (2008) study suggested that Job design can have a intelligent effect on employee motivation.The specific goals employees strive for and the more general corporate objectives that an organization pursues over time are important sources of motivation for employees. Wagner Hollenbeck (2005) pointed out that the methods of work design developed with the motivational perspective in mind include job enlargement and job enrichment. Callinan, Forshaw Peters (2007) studies showed that a jobs core characteristics, which are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback are believ ed to be key influences on employee motivation.Goal setting is also considered to be communicating accurate reading on work performance and these can be positive motivators for employees. George and Jones (2008) have similar opinions on this subject. They believe that two major characteristics of goals that lead to high levels of motivation and performance, one is specificity, the other is embarrassingy, specific goals lead to higher performance than do vague goals or no goals, and difficult goals (not impossible) lead to higher motivation and performance than do well-fixed or moderate goals. However, there are limits to goal setting theory, Thus, studies by George and Jones (2008) show that there are three particular circumstances under which setting specific, and difficult goals will not lead to high motivation and performance, they are goals which involve employees skills and abilities, tasks which require employees complete attention and a considerable amount of learning, an d when creative thinking is needed to perform the task.In hospitality, these 3 circumstances do happen very often, this research will be carried out with heavy focus upon these circumstances and issues to review how Malmaison Hotel balance these pros and cons within their organization. 4. 4 Groups and Teams A large amount of work has been done regarding group dynamics and team effectiveness. However, there is one area that is most interesting and related to, not only Malmaison hotel chain, but to the whole hospitality industry, that is the correlation between cohesiveness and performance of groups or teams.George and Jones (2008) suggested there are five factors that influence a groups level of cohesiveness 1. Group size, as it gets bigger, members tend to be less satisfied, group between 3 and 15 people are believed to be the right size that promotes cohesiveness. 2. Similarity/diversity of group member, depending on the tasks and situations, similarity and diversity can be benefic ial to group cohesiveness. 3.Competition between groups, generally competitor will be facilitating group cohesiveness but occasionally it can be dysfunctional and foul up effectiveness when there is to a fault much competition within a group. 4. Success, members will be more attracted to a successful group and proud to be a member. 5. Exclusiveness, when its difficult to get in a group, and the group has a high status, group cohesiveness tends to be high.However, they also pointed out that occasionally, too much cohesiveness within a group can impair the organizations effectiveness if the groups goal is not aligned with the goal of the organization or other groups within that organization, for example waiting staffs goals of providing good service in order to get gracious tips are aligned with the restaurants goal of satisfying customers, but not aligned with bar tending staff goals. 4. 5 Leadership Leadership plays an important role in a hotel organization success.Thus, Peter J ones and Steven Gross-Turner pointed out in Managing Projects in Hospitality Organizations, hotels are in a turbulent environment, and managers are in fact in the best place to identify what changes need to be made since they are the people who have site contacts with employees and customers (Jones et al, 1991). 4. 6 Organizational Structure Centralizing and decentralizing organizational structures are two most used structures nowadays.A decentralized structure will decentralize authority to visit level managers and non-managerial employees, strive them the responsibility to make important decisions, keep the problem of slow and distorted confabulation to a minimum and make the job more interesting and rewarding while, at the same time, fewer managers are needed. (Blau and Schoenher, 1971) However, too much decentralization provides employees with too much authority and they might pursue their own goals at the expense of the goal of the organization.A centralized structure gener ally has more levels within the organization and provides employees with more opportunities to gain promotion and progress. For the hospitality industry, where employees perform primarily physically, more opportunities clearly will be attractive for those who desire a less physically demanding position. 4. 7 Conclusion Kotler (2001) pointed out that todays successful organizations to a certain degree all have one thing in common, that is they are dedicated to sensing, serving and satisfying the needs of customers in well defined targeted markets.In the hospitality industry, when service is their major product, this philosophy is obviously critically important. However, how Malmaison strategically positions itself to compete with its rivals is an even more crucial and difficult issue that the proposed research will focus on. 5. 0Methodology 5. 1 Introduction A number of approaches will be interpreted to collect the needed data and information in order to serve the purpose of this res earch project, increase the quality of the results and findings and enhance the credibility of the research project.Malmaison hotel chain has over 20 hotels throughout the UK, severally individual hotel will be unique and differentiated in terms of their focus and priorities depending on their local customs and culture. However, what this research project will be concentrating on is what the common factors are for the Malmaison hotel chain as a whole that turns the organization into a success. Therefore the Birmingham Malmaison will be the subject of the investigation.Birmingham is a multi cultural city and operating in a multicultural organizational environment has been becoming a flair for organizations world wide. The researcher gained two years working experience in this hotel, and therefore it is especially worthy doing the research project in such an environment. (Cox, 2001) To complete this research project, three stages will be taken in order to process the project, the y are desk based research, field based research and the preparation of a detailed case study. 5. 2 Desk Based ResearchAt this stage of the investigation, a heavy focus will be upon the articles that address the hospitality industry, hotel management, hospitality system, as well as the paper work that states hotel policies, financial and management accounts, poster of directors statements, stock control data, and general managers letters to all the staff. These secondary data contain enormous amounts of information that indicates the hotels management style and attitude and forms the innate policy to the customers and market.These data are absolutely the first key for this research and will provides valuable information and secern on the reasons for the Malmaison hotel chains success. In addition to that, some of these data are for sale to the public and can be quickly and easily collected. Some of these data are not easy to the public, but, as a former member of staff, I could still gain access to this information. With the information and evidence collected, the primary data collection work will be much more focused and comparatively easier having the support and assistance of the secondary data collected. 5. Field Based Research A series of interviews (8-12 people) will be carried out to gain a first hand insight of the impacts which the management style of Malmaison hotel chain has on its employees, and how it affects the performance of the organization. The interviews will take place in various departments across the organization in order to gain a full understanding of the operation system in the Malmaison hotel chain. Some of the board of directors, the general manager, department managers, sector supervisors, and staff that work at the front line and have direct contact with customers all will be interviewed.The total number of interviews will be between 8 to 12. This will give the evidence and information on how each department functions and what are the impacts of them on each other. One or two suppliers will also be interviewed to provide evidence on how the Malmaison hotel chain cuts deals with suppliers and how they interact with each other and how is it affects the organization financially and what impact it has on the marketing and sales strategy of the organization. However, caution must be taken while conducting these interviews.Thus, Saunders (2002) suggests that it is in the researchers own interest to seriously consider the reliability, forms of bias, validity and generalisability of the information obtained. Therefore, carefully prepared interview questionnaires will be used and questions which appear in the questionnaires will also be cautiously selected to gain as fair a view as possible. The framework suggested by Easterby-Smith (1991) may be adopted to make sure that the data generated from the interviews is thoroughly reviewed and evaluated. The stages in this process will include 1. Familiarisation 2. Refl ection 3. Conceptualisation 4.Cataloguing concepts 5. Recording 6. Linking 7. Re-evaluation 5. 4 Preparation of the Case mull over A case study will be generated at the final stage of the research by putting together the data that is gathered from the previous stages. The case study will bring up recommendations to the management team of Malmaison hotel chain and also, there will be discussions of to what extent the findings can be reason and to what degree the Malmaison hotel chain management structure, human resource management policies and operational systems can be copied and utilized by other organizations within, or even outside the hospitality industry. . 0 Ethical Issues While conducting the research and interviews, the financial information of Malmaison will be discussed in the interviews, its financial statement will also be used later in the dissertation to analyse and measure its performance, and such information will be kept confidential. The final report will be ide ntified as Commercial in trustingness and will not be available to a wider audience than those directly involved in its assessment. 7. 0 Task List TaskProblemsSolutions Research literature on hospitality management, current hospitality industry trends digest in the UK.Limited amount of literature in the area of topic. E- journals, business review magazines, textbooks, newspapers, internet. Review literature and identify relevant and reliable articles. Time consume to select relevant articles. Time management. Contacting general managers in Malmaison hotel chain to gain access to information. Very difficult to get access to key information and financial report and management accounting report. Utilize my identity as former employee in the organization. Selecting different individuals to conduct interviews.Too many employees to choose fromSelect people who may represent the department and be able to give valuable information and opinion. Arranging interviews with selected staff. Di fficult to fit in everyones schedule and its time consuming since the amount of time between each interview when the person is available is unpredictable. Be longanimous and positive. Conducting interviews. Response may not be relevant. Textbooks on how to carry out interviews. Transcribe interviews scripts. Time consuming while large amount of information gathered in interviews with limited amount of transcribe skills.

Application of social learning theory in psychology research Essay Example for Free

Application of genial learning surmise in psychology research EssayExplaining spunk design among Puerto Ri quarter adolescents a partial derivative show of well-disposed learning opening is an article by Holly Ventura Miller, Wesley G. Jennings, Lorna L. Alverez-Rivera and J. Mitchell Miller. The article is a 2008 publication in the Journal of Drug Issues Volume 38, issue number 1. In this write up, Miller et al (2008) seek to procedure genial learning theory to understand center give among Puerto Rican adolescents as part of the larger Latino group.The importance of social learning is assessed through finding out the effect of differences in an individuals description of totality use as compared to the description that peers have. This study is based on the view that some adolescents who have friends who are in substance shout also become substance malignmentrs. Perceptions about drug abuse also seem to be similar with those held by the peers. Social interac tions of the youths therefore seem to twist a big role in learned behavior and perceptions.Miller et al (2008) have reviewed vast literature on social learning theory more so the aspect of variedial affiliation in acquisition of socially unacceptable behavior. A cross-cultural application of social learning theory forms the center of this study where a group (288 youths) of Puerto Rican adolescents is chosen as the study sample. This study specifically focuses on how peer and personal perception of substance use influence alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use. The survey-type of study was carried among educate going youths aged 14-19 years in San Juan, Puerto Rico.The subjects were selected from public and private schooldayss with the sample size from public schools cosmos considerably higher compared to that from private schools (69% versus 31%). The survey was conducted using questionnaires where several variables were assessed. Questionnaires administered in public schools were indite in English whereas those issued in public schools were in Hispanic. The study excluded subjects who did not report being Hispanic since ethnicity was a very crucial variable. The adolescents were assessed of their behaviors as regards to alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking and marijuana use.Predictor variables were social learning ( renderings on substance abuse) and sex. The control variables in this study were age and belonging to single-parent family. After statistical analyses (logistic regression analyses), it was found out that youths in private schools had a greater lifetime substance use and reported peer influence in the use of the three substances. In addition, males were likely to be convolute in use of the three substances under study as opposed to females in both types of schools.In private schools, a significant difference in substance use was noted to exist mingled with males and females. It is also notable that cigarette use among females in public schoo ls was influenced by their views of smoking cigarettes as a favorable behavior. This was also the case with private school males. Personal definitions were also found to play a big role in alcohol consumption. Marijuana use was mainly delinquent to the influence of peers definition as opposed to personal definition.Miller et al (2008) therefore concluded that if personal definitions of substance use are favorable, the likelihood of substance abuse is high. Peer definitions are also significantly important decisives of substance abuse as evidenced by marijuana use among Puerto Rican adolescents. Sex is also a determinant factor in influencing substance use. Article 2 The article social learning, self control, and substance abuse by viii grade students at tale of two cities by L. Thomas Winfree Jr. and Frances P. Bernat is a 1998 publication in the Journal of Drug Issue volume 28, issue number 2.In this study, Winfree and Bernat (1998) examine the effectiveness of the social cognit ive theory and self control theory in predicting level of substance abuse among a group of eightsome graders in a large versus a small city. Among the substances the substances that the eight grade students are assessed of include alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana among others. This sample is selected from Phoenix, Arizona and Las Cruces, N. M. the cities are choice for this study due to differences in types of crimes thus the authors of this study challenge that the two theories cannot be used to predict substance abuse among the two groups of youths.Winfree and Bernat (2008) present that the social learning theory is viewed as being able to predict how muckle develop delinquent behaviors, as well as the environment that is likely to predispose one to delinquent behaviors. As such, it is viewed that substance abuse by youths can be predicted by the social learning theory as long as the social environment of the youth is well understood. On the other hand, Winfree and Bernat (1 998) argue that the self control theory indicates that the level of self control determines human behavior especially in consideration of factors such as self interest and tendency to seek pleasure and not pain.In their study, Winfree and Bernet (1998) carried out a wide cross-sectional study in 11 localities including Phoenix and Las Cruces. The subjects who participated in this study gave an informed consent through either parents or guardians. Data was collected through the use of questionnaires and the surveyors helped the students in understanding the questions thus improving accuracy of data collected. Dependent variables in this study were use of different substances within the past one year. Social learning independent variables included neutralization, guilt, positive reinforcement and prejudicious pushers.Self control independent variables included parental monitoring, impulsivity and risk-taking. After performing regression analyses, it was evident that there was a low l evel of substance abuse among Phoenix students who said that they would feel very chargeable if their engaged in substance abuse. Higher levels of substance abuse in Phoenix sample was set among students who agreed greatly to neutralizing statements about negativism of crime. In terms of self control, there was higher substance use among students who reported higher risk taking tendencies.However, parental control and impulsivity did not run copious data for evaluation. In Las Cruces, it was observed that youths who had seen gangsters and viewed gangsters as having better lifestyles were likely to abuse substances. The same happened with neutralization of negativity of crime. Guilt was not a big determinant of substance abuse in Las Cruces. Conclusively, Winfree and Bernet argue that social learning theory and self control theory can be used to evaluate criminality in adolescents. From the above two articles, social learning theory emerges as an important tool for predicting s ubstance abuse.Counselors stand to benefit from the understanding of the application of social learning theory in this context since they can be able to associate a certain substance abuse problem to the social influences of the client. By identifying the source of the substance abuse problem using the social learning theory, the counselor is able to provide a way out of the delinquency or substance use. This would include subjecting favorable social environment and statements such that the substance abuse behavior is taken as a negative rather than a positive thing. It would also be helpful for the counselor to suggest a geographical relocation (e. g. school transfer) as an important way of creating the best environment (drug/crime-free environment) for adolescents.References Miller, H. V. , Jennings, W. G. , Alverez-Rivera, L. L. and Miller, J. M. (2008). Explaining substance use among Puerto Rican adolescents a partial test of social learning theory. Journal of Drug Issues 38(1) 261+. Web. 15, July 2010. Questia. com. Winfree, L. T. and Bernat, F. T. (1998). Social learning, self control, and substance abuse by eight grade students at tale of two cities. Journal of Drug Issue, 28(2) 539+. Web. 15, July 2010. Questia. com.

Eight Important Duties of an Agent Towards the Principal Essay Example for Free

Eight Important Duties of an Agent Towards the Principal Essay1. c everying to prolong principals directions or customs (Sec. 211) The first barter of every cistron is to act deep d let the scope of the authority conferred upon him and perform the agency construct accord to the directions given by the principal. When the constituent acts otherwise, if whatever qualifying be sustained, he mustinessiness practise it good to the principal, and if both profit accrues, he must account for it. Illustrations (a) Where the principal instructed the agent to warehouse the goods at a particular place and the agent warehoused them at a different warehouse which was equally safe, and the goods were destroyed by fire without negligence, it was held that the agent was pre heartable for the loss because all departure from the instructions makes the agent absolutely liable (Lilley vs Doubleday). (b) An agent being instructed to insure goods neglects to do so. He is liable to comp ensate the principal in the event of these being lost (Pannalal Jankidas vs Mohanlal).If the principal has not given any express or implied directions, then it is the duty of the agent to follow the custom rife in the same kind of parentage at the place where the agent conducts melody. If the agent makes any departure, he does so at his own risk. He must make good any loss so sustained by the principal.Illustrations (Appended To Sec. 211) (a) A, an agent, engaged in carrying on for B a channel, in which it is the custom to direct from measure to time at interest, the moneys which may be in hand, omits to make such investments. A must make good to B the interest usually obtained by such investments. (b) B, a broker, in whose business it is not the custom to swop on credit, sells goods of A on credit to C, whose credit at the time was very high. C, before payment, becomes insolvent. B must make good the loss to A, ir reputeive of his good intentions. 2. concern to carry out th e work with reasonable science and diligence (Sec. 212) The agent must conduct the business is generally possessed by persons engaged in similar business, unless the principal has notice of his want of skill. Further, the agent must act with reasonable diligence and to the best of his skill.If the agent does not work with reasonable care, skill (unless the principal has notice of his want of skill) and diligence, he must make compensation to his principal in respect of direct consequences of his own neglect, want of skill or misconduct. But he is not so liable for indirect or remote losses. Illustrations (Appended To Sec. 212) (a) A, a merchant in Kolkata, has an agent B, in London, to whom a sum of money is paid on As account, with orders to remit. B retains the money for a considerable time. A, in consequence of not receiving the money, becomes insolvent. B is liable for the money and interest from the day on which it ought to catch been paid, according to the usual rate, and for any further direct loss such as loss by translation of rate of exchange, but nothing further.(b) A, an agent for the exchange of goods, having authority to sell goods on credit, sells to B on credit, without making the proper and usual enquiries as to the solvency of B. B, at the time of such sale, is insolvent. A must make compensation to his principal in respect of any loss thereby sustained. 3. Duty to Render Accounts (Sec. 213) It is the duty of an agent to keep proper accounts of his principals money or property and render them to him on demand, or periodically if so provided in the agreement. 4. Duty to communicate (Sec. 214) It is the duty of an agent, in cases of difficulty, to use all reasonable diligence in communicating with his principal, and in seeking to obtain his instructions, before taking any steps in facing the difficulty or emergency. 5. Duty not to deal on his own account (Sees. 215 and 216)An agent must not deal on his own account in the business of agency i. e., he must not himself buy from or sell to his principal goods he is askedto sell or buy on behalf of his principal without obtaining the consent of his principal after disclosing all material facts to him. If the agent violates this rule, the principal may repudiate the transaction where it can be shown that any material fact has been wittingly concealed by the agent, or that the dealings of the agent have been disadvantageous to the principal. The principal is also entitle to claim from the agent any benefit which may have resulted to him from the transaction. Illustrations (a) A, directs B to sell As estate. B buys the estate for himself in the name of . A, on discovering that B has bought the estate for himself may repudiate the sale, if he can show that B has dishonestly concealed any material fact or that the sale has been disavantageous to him. Illustration (a) Appended to Section 215 (b)A directs, B, his agent, to buy a certain house for him. B tells A that it cannot be bou ght and buys the house for himself. A may, on discovering that B has bought the house, compel him to sell it to A at the price he gave for it. Illustration appended to Section 2166. Duty not to make any profit out ofhis agency except his wages(Sees. 217 and 218)An agent stands in a fiduciaryrelation to his principal and thereforehe must not make any profit (secretprofit) out of his agency. He mustpay to his principal all moneys(including illegal gratification, if any)received by him on principalsaccount.He can, however, deduct all moneysdue to himself in respect of hisremuneration or/and expensesproperly incurred. If his acts are notbonafide, he will lose hisremuneration and will have toaccount for the secret profit to hisprincipal.7. Duty on termination of agency byprincipals death or insanity (Sec.209)When an agency is terminated by theprincipal dying or comely ofunsound mind, the agent must take,on behalf of the representatives ofhis late principal, all reasonablesteps for the protection andpreservation of the interestsentrusted to him.8. Duty not to delegate authority(Sec. 190)Subject to six exceptions statedearlier (under the heading committeeof Authority), an agent must notfurther delegate his authority toanother person, but perform the workof agency himself.

To determine obesity Essay Example for Free

To determine corpulency EssayTo determine obesity the BMI score of the subject is compared to the standard table used and the partile is taken (CDC, 2007) The BMI-for-age percentile is utilized to fork over the BMI score and star should scar that BMI for the younger group is age and sex specific, this is so because amount of robust fluctuate in children and the amount of fat is also dissimilar with boys compared to girls. Obtaining the percentile is the most common forefinger in assessment of the size and growth structure of the child, this percentile will be used to note the position of the BMI obtained among same age and peer groups. The weight status of the child is then determined and CDC (2007) categorise percentile ratings as follows A table of Body Index Score is provided below According to the NHLBI website one should also note that children who are overweight, obese or extremely obese have increased encounter for diseases like type 2 diabetes, hypertension and c ardiovascular disorders, with the risks rated as children who are overweight and carries a torso index of 25-29. 9 score have increased risk for such diseases, while obese children who has a 30 39. 9 classed as class I and II obesity BMI have a high risk to develop the diseases mentioned.And the extremely obese children who scores 40 and above BMI are exceedingly at risk for development of the diseases usually associated only with the older population. A table of which is provided below Results from the 1999-2002 National health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), by means of measured heights and weights, designated that a projected 16 percent of children and adolescents with ages 6 to 19 years of age are obese.As it might be say in Figure 1, this statistics represents a 45 percent mark up from the overweight estimates of 11 percent obtained from NHANES III (1988-94) not over ten years passed. Factors that Predicts Obesity in Children There are many a(prenominal) reason s why children become obese. Although there genes do play a role in this fiasco, it will be noted that it cannot alone be blamed for the inordinate amount of obese children that has continued.The most common motor factors that are linked to obesity can be construed as genetics, as was previously mentioned, add to that a lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating habits or more likely a combination of the factors mentioned. sensation can say that obesity is the same for adults and children, and the underlying cause the same also, too much inhalation of food and very little physical activity. Realize that many children aged 8-16 years watches television for hours a day and it is shown that those children that watch the most television have the highest chance for obesity.

Hypothesis Testing Paper Essay Example for Free

Hypothesis Testing Paper endeavorWe ar seeing the influence of psychosocial stress on the course of bipolar disturbance organism progressively recognized. Child blow is non just a bailiwick that is discussed, but is a topic that is real in the society in which we live. Child adversity can hit close to home. A tike experiences this by being in a state or instance of serious or move difficulty (Merriam-Webster, 2014). Situations of these display cases are terrible to see and can affect the infant, but just non as nipperren. These types of situations could include verbal, physical, or sexual abuse, neglect, parental death, bullying, or even poverty. The effects of these types of situations can carry on into an individuals adulthood as well as concerning his/her physical and mental well-being. See what we are looking into is not just babe adversity, but another topic as well.The question being asked is, Does ahead of time child adversity make bipolar disorder more l ikely? Individuals take a leak their own views and opinions on this topic and question. In this possibleness testing, a description of the enquiry issue and a opening teaching, regarding the research surmise and the unsatisfying hypothesis pull up stakes be addressed. For the accuracy of the research issue, the universe of discourse will have to be determined and the sampling method acting to help in generating the sample. The data will be described as to how it was amass, the level ofmeasurement, and the statistical technique used in helping of the task of analyzing the data. each these steps will help in the explanation of the findings.EARLY CHILD ADVERSITY AND THE BIPOLAR DISORDERIn appreciation the meaning of child adversity, we want to look at the meaning of the term, bipolar disorder. Here we arent just focus on child adversity we are focusing on both to see if the child adversity emphasizes bipolar disorder more likely. According to U.S. field of study Library of Medicine (2014), bipolar disorder is a condition in which a person has periods of depression and periods of being extremely happy or being cross or irritable In addition to these mood swings, the person has extreme changes in military action and energy (Bipolar distract). Symptoms of bipolar disorder can be severe and can result in modify relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide (National Institute of Mental Health, 2012).Bipolar disorder affects both men and women, usually occurring between the ages of 15-25. The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. However, there are factors involved that cause or trigger the particulars. As we are researching, we are finding environment plays a role. According to Mayo Clinic (2014), An individuals stress, abuse, significant loss, or other traumatic experiences can contribute to this disorder (Causes). All these factors and experiences listed can take place in a childs life, whether we want to admit it or not. Mo st of the time, more often than we would care to talk about. This connection gives us a starting point in evolution our hypothesis.With a research issue, it is essential a hypothesis be formulated. Hypothesis is a prediction often based on informal observation, previous research, or theory that is testing in a research study (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 108). In a research study, the testing is referred to as a hypothesis procedure. We must counterbalance state a research hypothesis and a zero hypothesis. Research hypothesis is a statement in a hypothesis testing procedure about the predicted relation between populations. Null hypothesis is a statement about a relation between populations that is the opposite of the research hypothesis (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 108). The nullhypothesis is often said to be the opposite of what is being predicted. For this study, the research hypothesis is, Early child adversity makes bipolar disorder more likely. The null hypothesis is, Earl y child adversity does not make bipolar disorder more likely.In any hypothesis testing procedure, there is vast emphasis in determining the population and the sampling method the researcher is using to generate the sample, The population is the entire group of race to which the researcher intends the results of a study to apply. The sample is the bills of a particular(prenominal) group of people studied (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 84). For this research issue, the population would include participants consisting of 58 adults, including 29 masculines and 29 females. These individuals have a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder. According to National Institute of Mental Health (2012), Bipolar I disorder is defined by manic and mixed episodes that last at least sevener days.Usually depressive episodes occur as well, lasting at least two weeks (How is Bipolar Diagnosed?). The sampling method used to generate the sample would be classified as nonrandom samples. With this sample method , the probability cream cannot be accurately determined. In using the nonrandom sampling method, we are focusing on the type judgmental/purposive sampling. These individuals of 58 are being chosen with a specific purpose in mind. These individuals are fit for the research compared to other individuals (Concepts and Definitions, n.d.). This sampling method makes perfect since we are attempting to research if child adversity is a contributing factor to bipolar disorder.THE DATARegarding the 58 adults of men and women, the data would be collected and evaluated every three months, all the way up to a year. This information would be collected by structured interviews discussing stressful life events pertaining to and dealing with early child adversity. In analyzing the data, the best statistical technique to use would be the t test for independent factor. T test for independent means is a hypothesis testing procedure in which there are two separate groups of people tested (Aron, Aron, Coups,2013, p. 84). Involved in this research issue is two separate groups of people with 29 male participants and 29 female participants. We are testing both of the same number, because we want to find out the oddment as a whole about the people.Also, we tested equal amounts of both men and women, because they both are equally likely to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder (WebMD, 2014). The data would be analyzed using the fivesome steps of the t test for independent means. timber one consists of stating the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis. Step two consists of determining the characteristics of the comparison distribution. Step three is determining the cutoff sample score on the comparison distribution at which the null hypothesis should be rejected. Step four is determining the samples score on the comparison distribution. And last, step five is deciding to reject the null hypothesis by comparison steps three and four (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 84). In followin g these steps to analyze the data, we can account for to every accept or reject the null hypothesis on early child adversity not making bipolar disorder more likely.CONCLUSIONAfter going into detail of the research issue, formulating the hypothesis statement, determining the population, deciding and describing the sampling method, the task of collecting the data, the level of measurement, and the statistical technique for analyzing the data, now is the expectant intense moment. The results exhibited that the interaction of early child adversity severity and those stressful life events involved predicted an occurrence in a manner consistent with the research hypothesis for both the men and the women. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis. There were some limitations to this research issue and the hypothesis testing procedure. The sample size and the number of preceding(a) episodes were determined retrospectively, mainly through self-report.But, another thought to keep in mind is the individuals who experienced early child adversity had a significantly younger age of bipolar onset. Concerning this conclusion, it would be of great richness for the suggestion for further studies of stress mechanisms in bipolar disorder and of treatments designed to intervene early among those at risk. I would propose when and if the conditions of bipolar disorder areidentified, an effective treatment plan needs to be implemented. This approach would be of great benefit for the patients health, wellbeing, and longevity. Studies speak for themselves regarding childhood adversity being prevalent and having pervasive and long term impacts on mental and physical health.ReferencesAron, A., Aron, E., Coups, E. (2013). Statistics for Psychology (6th ed.). Retrieved from TheUniversity of Phoenix eBook Collection database.Concepts and Definitions. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//www.ubos.org/Compendium2012/NonRandomSamplingDesign.htmlMayo Clinic. (2014). _Bipolar Disorder Causes_. Retri eved fromhttp//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/basics/causes/con-20027544Merriam-Webster. (2014). _Adversity_. Retrieved fromhttp//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adversityNational Institute of Mental Health. (2012). _Bipolar Disorder in Adults_. Retrieved fromhttp//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-in-adults/index.shtmlU.S. National Library of Medicine. (2014). _Bipolar Disorder_. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001924/

Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Historical Perspectives of unnatural Psychology EssayThere is no definition of ab habitual mental which has approval by the psychological social groups. Although, knowing of ones abnormal mindset is subjective in assessing personal behaviors in determining what is mean (Hansell Damour, 2008). Abnormal social content is often looked upon as personal behavior opposing to social normality. This coordinate is essential in analizing the abnormal mindset and focus to accurately filter add presented whether un plebeian or usual. This paper provide determine the start of what presents abnormal mindset and how the developement is originated for mapping scientifically. Lastly, the paper will confabulate the psychodynamic, humanistic and existential, behavioral, cognitive, sociocultural, family support and biological theoretical areas important to the strength of abnormal psychology.Origins of Abnormal PsychologyThe organic evolution of abnormal mindset can be transcribed for th ousands of days. To this date, people have evolved in specified cases of unsought conduct. Historically, unusual conduct is seen as biological, psychological outcomes seen also as supernatural factors (Hansell Damour, 2008). The observation of unusual conduct is often believed individuals acknowledge the idea of depletion of bad spirits, devils, and intities (Hansell Damour, 2008). As far back as the Mesolithic period, normal practices of torture would be full to those who displayed unusual conduct to be pardoned. Additionally, the use of exorcisms was performed to extinguish the existance of paranormal activities. Additionally, in the Roman era the chemicals in an individuals head would be released to extinguish the individuals from unusual conduct. This tyoe of consequence was passed on into the morose Ages Europeans viewed this conduct as psychological disease which drew evil spirits to much(prenominal) individuals for possession. Torture was practiced on individuals who p resented unusual behaviors, and was common to relinquish an evil spirt for centuries.Challenges to Defining and Classifying Normal and Abnormal demeanourThough an individual can present unusual conduct, he or she is viewed as one who violates expectations or rules in a society or culture (Hansell Damour, 2008). A lack of understanding is particularly noted because of various traditions and culture is viewed differently in count onation of the beliefs of certain traditions. An example is, a typical American will eat at a fast food chain for a quick glow at the work place, whereas many cultures from euopean all the way to middle eastern will bring his or her ethnic food to ingest, but do not condone this type of conduct. On the flip side, adult female in the Middle East receive harsh abuse and it is not against the law for men to pass over woman this way, but in the United States it is against the law for men to abuse their woman and he will receive a criminal offense for such behavior. In other words, it depends on the culture to consider if the unusual conduct violates law or social acknowledgement, decisions are relatively complex from area to area. unaccustomed conduct can affect people negatively presently, but may be viewed as usual conduct in the future.How Abnormal Psychology has evolved into a Scientific DisciplineThe scientific element image within the unusuwl aspects of psychology was developed by Hippocrates, a greek doctor. Hippocrates believed biological patterns are responsible for such unusual conduct. Hippocrates believed through biological cause an individual will be more likely to be cured from such illness. Also, Hippocrates referred the brain as a componant being responsible for an individuals intelligence, cognisance and cleverness. With such reference, these components play a significant role in how an individual displays his or her conduct (Hansell Damour, 2008). Historically, thousands of years ago, individuals who displayed u nusual conduct were labled as witches, or unusual conduct would draw in devils. The frequent attention of church would increase because of the severity of such fear of evil. Following, the enligtenment era develoloped where unusual conduct was analysed throughly before considered a consequence for various discrepancies of an individuals brain functions, an acceptance was generally regarded as a psychological disease that accounted for the use of various remedies that were implemented (Hansell Damour, 2008).Development of Abnormal Psychology Biological and Theoretical PerspectivesUnusual psychology on a biological viewpoint invests with the unusual acts that rooy from an inbalance within the brain. The use of psychotropic medications are used on a theraputic regimen to help elliviate symptoms additionally, treatments used such as electro- convolsive therapy , and psychdynamic hypothisis to aid human contact on influences psychological through the unconscious mind (Hansell Damour, 2008). For most part, an individuals conduct is essential and is charactorized from a previous experience. Psychoanalysis is used as an approach in the theraputic needs.The use of the behavioral model is essential when conditioning is relevent. Depending on the situation, the use of operant and classical conditioning are considered (Hansell Damour, 2008). Therefore, unusual conduct, and its reactives are performed to elleviate psychological disorders through the conditiining process and behavioral therapy to cure such disorder. In the 1960s, Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck implemented the cognitive approach to create cognitive function using procedures to open conduct, stimulate ideas, feelings which establish personality and individual attitudes (Hansell Damour, 2008).

Theoretical Models Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Models EssayTheoretical ModelsColleen M. OLearyHCS/587 butt on 18, 2013Theoretical ModelsThe benefits of a motivated rung should prove an impetus to managers to use motivation as a driving force to obtain a high degree of functioning by employees. According to Musselwhite (2011) managers who atomic number 18 effective at motivating their direct reports reap the reward of employees who can handle a renewal of assignments, take form much autonomously, report higher levels of job satisfaction, and contribute more to the victory of the department, the organization, and in return, to the success of their manager (p. 46). This in turn may motivate the manager to work harder and look at ways to improve and increase departmental functioning in the future. In health care managers have various(a) staff to motivate. Employees may be of varied ages, experience, educational levels, and job descriptions.Staff ranges from minim all(prenominal)y educated secretarial staff t o professionals such as licensed professional nurses, physicians, and physician extenders (Borkowski, 2005). The manager who takes the time to get to fuck the employees he or she is responsible for will know the individual positive or negative attributes of all(prenominal) employee. This will assist in determining how best to motivate everyone for the good of the department. Many motivational theories follow but only equity and goal-setting theories will be discussed here. justice possibilityTheory DescriptionEquity theory basis relies on the comparison of inputs to outcomes. In the work setting an employees education, skill set, and anything else he or she brings to the job position provides the input. The salary, promotion, bonus or anything else attributed to the inputs provides the employees outcomes. Equity exists when the ration of inputs to outcomes of one employee equates to those of other employee (Borkowski, 2005). Equity Theory in the WorkplaceIn the work setting eq uity theory exists as the comparison of inputs tooutcomes of employees. According to Sweeney (1990) Inequity can result from getting fewer outcomes or more outcomes than pertinent others (p. 329). Equity gives employees the sense of fairness in the workplace. A perceived inequity may result in decreased productivity and a sense of dissatisfaction in the workplace. An equitable workplace shows increased productivity, decreased absenteeism, and slight staff turnover. Equity theory in the workplace shows greatly in matters of wages (Sweeney, 1990). Goal-Setting TheoryTheory DescriptionGoal-setting theory developed in the 1960s and 1970s by Gary Latham and Edwin Locke promotes the notion that if a manager provides an employee with specific, challenging goals the worker tended to outperform a worker assigned a vague, non-specific goal such as do the best you can. This theory relies on the managers awareness of the skill level and abilities of all employees (Borkowski, 2005). Goal-Setti ng Theory in the WorkplaceThe concept of the goal-setting theory necessitates planning in advance by vigilance after a thorough thought process of the goal needing to be met and the resources, including employees, available to assist in the goal achievement. The three steps required by the goal-setting theory, goal setting, goal commitment, and support elements, need heedful consideration by the manager (Borkowski, 2005).Goals need the characteristics of specificity and measur efficacy. As employees perform the different levels of self-confidence, the goals set by heed must show attainability by the employee in accordance with the ability to attain the specific goal. Employees otiose to attain a goal may develop a feeling of frustration leading to misgiving of management (Borkowski, 2005).Commitment to the goal requires acceptance of the objective by the employee. The employee needs to identify his or her ability to achieve the goal and realize the benefit in attaining the obje ctive. Providing support elements necessitates management ensuring the availability of adequate resources suchas equipment, staff, and assistance to the employee. Goal-setting shows the most success with adequate and grass employee feedback by management (Locke Latham, 1990). ConclusionWhen managers work to create a culture of motivation the resulting workplace tends to be more productive, workers tend to feel more cute, and the organization and the staff benefit. Motivation theories provide management with guidelines to follow in an attempt to have staff reach full potential and have the department operate at its most productive. Employees need frequent feedback from management no matter which theory so they may receive direction and feel valued by the organization. Motivation theories, of which equity theory and goal-setting theory are just two, assist management in realizing and using the full potential of staff.ReferenceBorkowski, N. (2005). Organizational behavior in health care. Sudbury, MA Jones and bartlett pearPublishers.Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P. (2006). New directions in goal-setting theory. CurrentDirections In Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 15(5), 265-268.doi10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00449.xMusselwhite, C. (2011). Creating a culture of motivation. T+D, 65(9), 46-49. Sweeney, P. D. (1990). Distributive justice and pay satisfaction A field test of an equity theory prediction. diary of Business Psychology, 4(3), 329-341.