Pavlovs and Eriksons Theories Essay - 1976 Words

Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927). The other aspect in classical conditioning is extinction, which occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus. For†¦show more content†¦If this care is not given to a child, the child becomes insecure and does not learn to trust others. This stage therefore, brings hope. The second stage is where the child learns autonomy versus shame. During this stage the child gains a little control of his or her life thus building self esteem and autonomy. It is in this stage that the child struggles for his or her own control and to separate from others. The child learns what is wrong and right by the parent’s use of â€Å"no† and this creates the important skill of will. If not dealt with well, the child may develop shame and doubt. Children with disability may become shameful and doubtful of their conditions if not well counseled and helped to negotiate through the stage as Davidson Strauss (1992) notes. During the third stage, th e child learns initiative versus guilt, which occurs during the play age. Here, the child learns to imagine and to cooperate with peers. With the new found freedom, the individual pursues new tasks that will empower him or her in order to manage the society’s expectations. The development of these attributes may be hindered by guilt resulting to the individual becoming fearful and continuing to depend on adults. The fourth stage is development of industry versus inferiority. As the world enlarges for the child, he or she learns more formal skills in life like how to relate with peers and neighbors,Show MoreRelatedRaising Children Essay2293 Words   |  10 Pageshealthy development of human beings. Research and theories from K. S. Berger’s textbook, Developing Person Through the Life Span can be applied to the ten core concepts. This paper will expand upon six of the ten concepts including how a person advances through the nature-nurture phenomenon, cultural influences, self-regulation, building relationships, uniqueness, and vulnerability to risks and influences. The following scientists research and theories will be used to help validate the concepts actualityRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Multiple Choice4163 Words   |  17 Pageshave been made about human growth is referred to as a ____________ theory. A. behavioral B. psychoanalytical C. humanistic D. developmental Answer: D [Q2] Multiple Choice - 1 point 2) _________theorists try to make sense out of observations and construct a story of the human journey from infancy to adulthood. A. Developmental B. Psychoanalytical C. Behavioral D. Humanistic Answer: A [Q3] Multiple Choice - 1 point 3) Which theory answers the question: Do early experiences of neglect or attachmentRead MoreEssay about Useful Theories of Human Development1807 Words   |  8 PagesThere are many areas of psychology. The field of human development is divided into five main theory groups. The theory groups are psychodynamic, biological, cognitive, behavioral, and systems. 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These schools include the psychoanalytic school, behavioral school, humanistic school, cognitive school, and the individual schools of psychology. Each developmental theorist holds their own unique ideas and theories about various components of human developmentRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology Essay4989 Words   |  20 Pages ecological systems theory    evolutionary approaches    Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in Section 2.2 The Psychodynamic Perspective, in Adult Development and Learning.    Points Received: 1 of 1    Comments: Question  7. Question : Erikson’s ideas are an example of ____________.    Student Answer: a theory involving stages    social cognitive learning theory    ecological systems theory    behaviorist theory    Instructor Explanation: Read More2301 Final Exam Workbook Essay6573 Words   |  27 Pages(CR) stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination extinction (in classical conditioning) spontaneous recovery Exercises 1. (Voluntary, reflexive) responses are subject to classical conditioning. 2. In the table below, identify each element in Pavlovs original experiment. Unconditioned Conditioned Stimulus UCS CS Response UCR CR 3. Learned and acquired are synonyms for (unconditioned, conditioned). 4. Natural and unlearned are synonyms for (unconditioned, conditioned). 5. MatchRead MoreEssay about 2301 Final Exam Workbook 2 6510 Words   |  27 Pages(CR) stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination extinction (in classical conditioning) spontaneous recovery Exercises 1. (Voluntary, reflexive) responses are subject to classical conditioning. 2. In the table below, identify each element in Pavlovs original experiment. Unconditioned Conditioned Stimulus UCS CS Response UCR CR 3. Learned and acquired are synonyms for (unconditioned, conditioned). 4. Natural and unlearned are synonyms for (unconditioned, conditioned). 5. MatchRead MoreFactors Affecting Motivation to Learn English25117 Words   |  101 PagesInfluence 1.9.6 Teacher Influence 1.9.7 Learning Styles 20 21 22 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pass Research on Use of English as a Second Language 2.3 Theories Relating to the Study 2.3.1 The Behaviourist Theory 2.3.2 The Nativist Theory 2.3 3 The Social Cognitive Theory 2.4 Justification for choosing the Social Cognitive Theory As Theoretical Framework 2.4.1 Parents as Socializing Agents 2.4.2 Socializing by Teachers and School Culture 2.4.3 Socializing and Peer Influence 2.5 Other Research